Voter Turnout free essay sample

A statistical survey analysis of the relationship between a voters age and voter turnout. This paper corroborates a statistics survey analysis that enumerates the relationship of voters age with primary election. The author discusses the main reasons for the increased number of older voters as opposed to younger ones. He concludes that older people are more familiarized with voting procedures, have free time to vote and more importantly, have more political power. In addition, the author proposes that baby boomers, race, gender, sex and socio-economic factors also have an influence on voting turnout. Table of Contents I. Introduction II. Literature Review III. Methods IV. Results V. References VI. Appendix Over the decades, the numbers of election voters have been seen to be on the decline. Although, polls show that there is an increase in the number of voters of the older generation, there is still a decrease in the number of overall voters. We will write a custom essay sample on Voter Turnout or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Discrepancies especially occur between primary election and general election turnouts. According to a survey and analysis conducted by the Star Tribune it was indicated, 61 percent of people who voted in Minnesotas 1998 primary election were age 50 or older. [1]Voters 65 and over comprised 17% of the total turnout while that of the general election was 14%. These figures show that older age groups drive a large percentage of primary elections, indicating its importance. There seem to be a variety of reasons for the number of the decreasing voters, which makes it all the more imperative to study its variables which ranges from age, sex, race etc.

Family Life Essays - Tierra De Villanos, Curse Words, Free Essays

Family Life Essays - Tierra De Villanos, Curse Words, Free Essays Family Life Observation #1:On Family Life It was just like Vancouver, everything is so unstable! For five days straight there were golden mornings and glowing afternoons. Then when Saturday crept up on the celestial planner, the sky's face lifted to gray and drizzling. If this weather change could be viewed with thought maybe it would seem almost shocking. It was not really cold, but it looked like it. Mom occupied herself in the kitchen, doing what really was not necessary. Oddly enough, she was always standing there doing all the "somethings", but the place managed to still look like a mess. No one in this house wanted to cook anymore either, so we just scrounged around, digging whatever there was to fill our stomach. It does not matter anyway, everything, even good things, tastes like cardboard these days. My father blamed my mother for her poor cooking, I just blamed the weather. I sat, dull-eyed, at the "dining" table, staring at some dried carnation that hung so peculiarly from that wall lamp that vainly attempted to impersonate an old fashioned streetlight (too bad streetlights were not that synthetic, bleached white). I shrugged it off as I knew Mom had a strange preference for decoration. I mean, the powder pink that stained nearly every wall of this house was her idea. Sometimes, it came to a point where I just want to scratch relentlessly at those colors, or take a permanent marker and scribble curse words all over it, or draw grotesque bleeding figures on it. Not this morning, I sat there idly...Food brought to my mouth like a robotic twitch. In fact, I hardly knew what it was that I ate. Dad came through the door from his errands, and also took a seat beside me without a word. He started to scoop food into his mouth, eyes glazed over and troubled with wrinkles of worry. I could scarcely feel his presence if not for his physical form sitting next to me, reflecting my own action of shoveling feed into a muzzle. I continued to daze disapprovingly into that hideous, died carnation, and he continued to glaze over into his troubles. At length, Mom came in, settled down a bowl of some sort of leftovers from last night. It struck me that food did not look like food anymore, of course not, it was Mom's cooking! That thought did not linger. Mom stuffed a spoonful in her mouth and glanced at Dad. She asked him about his errands casually, almost callously. Dad did not look at her, but he answered her in monosyllabic words. She seemed annoyed and proceeded to yell at him, something that we were all accustomed to by now. Dad merely blinked, didn't even bother to retaliate this time around, and let the silence respond to her. He finished eating, and pushed his bowl aside nonchalantly. I could see him looking at me, then at my book. "What's that trash you are reading?" "It's just a book Dad." I replied, an imitation of boredom. "What, you can't even tell me that much now? How many times do you actually speak to your family in a week? You've changed you know?" (Gee Dad, you mean people change?). I rolled my eyes like I always do when he went off like that; a mad ejaculation of rhetorical questions. Whatever I say really is just going to be used against me in the near future, or in my mother's case, the distant too. It's like a freaking courthouse, and he blames me for not talking to him. Whoever invented the term "catch twenty-two" must know what I am thinking right now. "There had better be educational value in that." He grunted at last, bulging his blood-shot eyes at an invisible spot across the room. "Okay then..." I remarked ever so snidely, and took note to never read anything of "value" again. So this is what the world's nuclear families are supposed to be like? Or is that just mine that feels like a slow devolution? Every cursed day, the pink gets to me a little more, the carnations a little dryer. I usually lock myself up in my room and hope no one will come in, or try to make conversation outside the shut piece of rotted bark. Like I always said, all I need in here is a toilet and maybe a little hole through which food maybe passed through in a versatile plastic package (and later a knife inside

The History of Black Muslims in America

The History of Black Muslims in America The long history of Black Muslims in America  goes far beyond the legacy of Malcolm X and the Nation of Islam. Understanding the  complete history  gives valuable insight into black American religious traditions and the development of Islamophobia. Enslaved Muslims in America Historians estimate that between 15 and 30 percent (as many as 600,000 to 1.2 million) of enslaved Africans brought to North America were Muslim. Many of these Muslims were literate, able to read and write in Arabic. In order to preserve the new development of race in which â€Å"Negroes† were classified as barbaric and uncivilized, some African Muslims (primarily those with lighter skin, slimmer features or looser hair textures) were categorized as â€Å"Moors,† creating a level of stratification amongst enslaved populations. White slaveholders often forced Christianity onto slave populations through forced assimilation, and Muslim slaves reacted to this in a variety of ways. Some became pseudo-converts to Christianity, utilizing what is known as taqiyah: the practice of denying one’s religion when faced with persecution. Within Islam, taqiyah is permissible when used to protect religious beliefs. Others, like Muhammad Bilali, author of the Bilali Document/The Ben Ali Diary, attempted to hold onto their Islamic roots without converting. In the early 1800s, Bilali started a community of African Muslims in Georgia called Sapelo Square. Others were not able to successfully circumnavigate forced conversion and instead brought aspects of Islam into their new religion. The Gullah-Geechee people, for example, developed a tradition known as a â€Å"Ring Shout,† which mimics the ritual counter-clockwise circling (tawaf) of the Kaaba in Mecca. Others continued practicing forms of sadaqah (charity), which is one of the five pillars of Islam. Descendants from Sapelo Square like Katie Brown, great grand-daughter of Salih Bilali, recall that some would make flat rice cakes called â€Å"saraka†. These rice cakes would be blessed using â€Å"Amiin,† the Arabic word for â€Å"Amen.† Other congregations took to praying in the east, with their backs facing the west because that was the way the devil sat. And, further still, they took to offering part of their prayers on rugs while on their knees. The Moorish Science Temple and Nation of Islam While the horrors of slavery and forced conversion were largely successful in silencing enslaved African Muslims, Islam continued to exist within the conscience of a people. Most notably, this historical memory led to the development of proto-Islamic institutions, which borrowed from and re-imagined Islamic tradition to answer specifically to the reality of black Americans. The first of these institutions was the Moorish Science Temple, founded in 1913. The second, and most well known, was the Nation of Islam (NOI), founded in 1930. There were Black Muslims practicing outside these institutions, like the Black American Ahmadiyya Muslims in the 1920s and the Dar al-Islam movement. However, proto-Islamic institutions, namely the NOI, gave way to the development of â€Å"Muslim† as a political identity rooted in black politics. Black Muslim Culture During the 1960s, Black Muslims were perceived as radical, as the NOI and figures such as Malcolm X and Muhammad Ali grew in prominence. The media focused on developing a narrative of fear, characterizing Black Muslims as dangerous outsiders in a country built on white, Christian ethics. Muhammad Ali captured the fear of the greater public perfectly when he said, â€Å"I am America. I am the part you wont recognize. But get used to me. Black, confident, cocky; my name, not yours; my religion, not yours; my goals, my own; get used to me.† Black Muslim identity also developed outside of the political sphere. Black American Muslims have contributed to a variety of musical genres, including the blues and jazz. Songs such as â€Å"Levee Camp Holler† utilized singing styles reminiscent of the adhan, or the call to prayer. In â€Å"A Love Supreme†, jazz musician John Coltrane uses a prayer format which mimics the semantics of the opening chapter of the Quran. Black Muslim artistry has also played a role in hip-hop and rap. Groups like The Five-Percent Nation, an offshoot of the Nation of Islam, the Wu-Tang Clan, and A Tribe Called Quest all had multiple Muslim members. Islamophobia Historically, the FBI has claimed that Islam is the greatest enabler of black radicalism and it continues to follow that line of thought today. In August 2017, an FBI report cited a new terroristic threat, â€Å"Black Identity Extremists†, in which Islam was singled out as a radicalizing factor. Programs such as Countering Violent Extremism couple with xenophobia to promote entrapment and cultures of surveillance, following past FBI programs such as the Counter Intelligence Program (COINTELPro). These programs target Black Muslims through the very specific nature of America’s anti-black Islamophobia.

German 1000 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

German 1000 - Essay Example It is a good idea to have different monuments for the different groups. Although all the groups were victims of the Nazi, they were murdered for different reasons. As such, it was a good idea to have the monuments of the different groups separate. It is a good idea to have an underground place of information on the holocaust memorial. This information centre lists the names of the Jews who were killed in the holocaust. It is a good idea to have the names of the victims for commemoration purposes, educational and research purposes (Blumer 67). The name â€Å"memorial of the murdered Jews† singles out the Jews that were killed by the Nazi. It does not include the Jews who died of old age and diseases in the concentration camps. I think a better name for the memorial would be â€Å"a memorial for the holocaust victims†. We have a holocaust museum in the United States, but we do not have a single museum fir slavery or genocide in the country. I think this is because while the Americans did not perpetuate the killing of the Jews, they helped end it and that is why we have a holocaust museum. However, in the case of slavery, the United States perpetuated slave trade and does not have a slavery museum. I think Americans want to wash away this part of their history. There have also been numerous arguments that Africans were both the perpetrators and victims of slave

The Design of Health and Safety Control Systems Assignment

The Design of Health and Safety Control Systems - Assignment Example â€Å"It is an employer's duty to protect the health, safety and welfare of their employees, and other people who might be affected by their business. Your employer must do whatever is reasonably practicable to achieve this† (â€Å"Your Employer’s Responsibilities, 2011, pgh. 2). This includes the fact that the gas emitted from the spray makes people drowsy. If that is the case, and people are going to have to go down in the tunnel, it should be a team of people who are working on this project. There should be support in terms of physical support, and the gentlemen working on the project should have walkie-talkies. Not only that, but they should make sure to wear all appropriate and proper protective gear for this project. This would include whatever kind of suit is needed to go down into the tunnel and spray this highly toxic (and potentially flammable) sealant. Since the subterranean chamber is located in the middle of a field, the area surrounding the work area shou ld be completely examined by the company that is going to be doing the work in order to ensure that there are no problems with the ground surrounding the area in which the work is to be completed. Additionally, the area should be assured that it is secure to work within before any work is ever started. â€Å"A check should also be carried out to ensure that there are no cellars, underground watercourses, ground conditions or made up or soft ground, etc., which could create hazards during the operation† (Construction Confederation, 2008, pp. 8F-3). This is to ensure that there will be no cave-ins during the project, which could herald an early death for the person going into the subterranean chamber. The person must definitely have radio contact of some sort with the outside world, and in addition to proper gear—obviously the ground around the work area must be checked for its stability. If the stability of the subterranean chamber or its immediate environs is in any wa y compromised, that chamber should be considered dangerous and unsuitable for being checked by humans. In that case, what might happen is that, if it is unsuitable for a person to complete, perhaps a machine might be able to be deployed in order to do the job. If the job is too difficult for a machine to do as well, what might be considered the best option is for the subterranean chamber to be sealed up with concrete due to the cracks being too severe to be fixed by human design. If that is the case, it is not worth putting human lives in danger in order to solve a problem that is that difficult. Not only this, but, perhaps—rather obviously—the farmer must give his permission for the work to be done since it is on his property (if there is work to be done), unless the tunnel is not part of what he owns and is part of the public domain. Either way, he will have to be notified that construction is going to have to take place outside of his property. Operation #2 Recommen dations (475 words) The employee who is made to tidy up the designated are near the junior school in the suburbs of a small town should first consult a landscape architect as to how the landscaping would be carried out. â€Å"All municipalities operating a form-based code must have professional design expertise on staff in the person of an urban designer, architect or landscape architect, or else a design consultant retained to work with elected

Dissolved Oxygen Essay Example for Free

Dissolved Oxygen Essay Oxygen in Liquids (DISSOLVED OXYGEN) Dissolved Oxygen – the amount of dissolved oxygen in a body of water as an indication of the degree of the health of water and its ability to support a balanced aquatic ecosystem. Oxygen – is a clear, colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas that dissolves in water. Small but important amounts of it are dissolved in water. OXYGEN: Aquatic Life Depends on it Plants and Animals depend on dissolved oxygen for survival. Lack of dissolved oxygen can cause aquatic animals to leave quickly they are or face death. Factors Affecting Oxygen Levels Temperature Rate of Photosynthesis Degree of Light Penetration (turbidity water depth) Degree of Water Turbulence or Wave action The amount of oxygen used by respiration and decay of organic matter Oxygen in the Balance Dissolved Oxygen levels that are at 90% and 110% saturation level or higher consistently considered healthy or good. If the Dissolved Oxygen are below 90%, there may be large amounts of oxygen demanding materials. What Is Dissolved Oxygen In Water? Dissolved oxygen in water is vital for underwater life. It is what aquatic creatures need to breathe. Why Is Dissolved Oxygen Important? Just as we need air to breathe, aquatic organisms need dissolved oxygen to respire. It is necessary for the survival of fish, invertebrates, bacteria, and underwater plants. How Is Dissolved Oxygen Measured? Dissolved oxygen concentration can be reported as milligrams per liter, parts per million, or as percent air saturation. Polarographic Cell It is very similar to the galvanic cell. However, the polarographic cell has two noble-metal electrodes and requires a polarizing voltage to reduce the oxygen. The dissolved oxygen in the sample diffuses through the membrane into the electrolyte, which usually is an aqueous KC1 solution. If there is a constant polarizing voltage (usually 0.8 V) across the electrodes, the oxygen is reduced at the cathode, and the resulting current How is proportional to the oxygen content of the electrolyte. This current flow is detected as an indication of oxygen content. Galvanic Cell All galvanic cells consist of an electrolyte and two electrodes (Figure 8.43c). The oxygen content of the electrolyte is equalized with that of the sample. The reaction is spontaneous; no external voltage is applied. In this reaction, the cathode reduces the oxygen into hydroxide, thus releasing four electrons for each molecule of oxygen. These electrons cause a current flow through the electrolyte.. The magnitude of the current flow is in proportion to the oxygen concentration in the electrolyte. Flow through Cells In the flow-through cells, the process sample stream is bubbled through the electrolyte. The oxygen concentration of the electrolyte is therefore in equilibrium with the samples oxygen content, and the resulting ion current between the electrodes is representative of this concentration. These types of cells are usually provided with sampling consisting of (but not limited to) filtering and scrubbing components and flow, pressure, and temperature regulators. Thallium Cell Thallium cells are somewhat unique in their operating principle and cannot be classified into the category of either galvanic or polarographic cells. At the same time, they are of the electrochemical type. One thallium-electrode cell design is somewhat similar in appearance to the unit illustrated on Figure 8.43c except that it has no membrane or electrolyte. This cell has a thallium outer-ring electrode and an inner reference electrode. When oxygen contacts the thallium, the potential developed by the cell is a function of  the thallous ion concentration at the face of the electrode, and the ion concentration is in proportion to the concentration of dissolved oxygen. Fluorescence-based Sensor In this case, a compound containing ruthenium is immobilized in a gas-permeable matrix called a sol-gel. Sol-gels are very low-density, silica-based matrices suitable for immobilizing chemical compounds such as the ruthenium compound used in this measurement technique. Effectively, the sol-gel is equivalent to the membrane in a conventional DO sensor. Using fiber optics, light from a light-emitting diode is transferred to the backside of the sol-gel coating. The emitted fluorescence is collected from the backside of the sol-gel with another optical fiber and its intensity is detected by photodiode. A simplified sensor design is shown in Figure 8.43g. If no oxygen is present, the intensity of the emitted light will be at its maximum value. If oxygen is present, the fluorescence will be quenched, and the emitted intensity will decrease. Twinkler Titration The Winkler Method is a technique used to measure dissolved oxygen in freshwater systems. Dissolved oxygen is used as an indicator of the health of a water body, where higher dissolved oxygen concentrations are correlated with high productivity and little pollution. Temperature Effects Pressure Effects Salinity Effects Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) is a measure of the oxygen used by microorganisms to decompose this waste. If there is a large quantity of organic waste in the water supply, there will also be a lot of bacteria present working to decompose this waste. In this case, the demand for oxygen will be high (due to all the bacteria) so the BOD level will be high. As the waste is consumed or dispersed through the water, BOD levels will begin to decline. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) is a measure for the quantity of oxygen required for the biodegradation of organic matter (carbonaceous demand) in water.It can also indicate the amount of oxygen used to oxidise reduced forms of nitrogen (nitrogenous demand), unless their oxidation is prevented by an inhibitor. A test is used to measure the amount of oxygen consumed by these organisms during a specified period of time (usually 5 days at 20 ÌŠÌŠÌŠÌŠC). Classification: BOD is devided in two parts which is Carbonaceous Oxygen Demand and the Nitrogenous Oxygen Demand. Carbonaceous Oxygen Demand it is the amount of oxygen consumed by the microorganisms during decomposing carbohydrate material. Nitrogenous Oxygen Demand it is the amount of oxygen consumed by the microorganisms during decomposing nitrogenous materials. Relationship of DO and BOD If the Dissolve Oxygen (DO) of a water is high, the Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)is low. If the BOD of the water is hight, the DO is low.Therefore DO and BOD is inversely Proportional to each other. Why we should need to know BOD? BOD directly affects the amount of dissolved oxygen in rivers and streams. The greater the BOD, the more rapidly oxygen is depleted in the stream. This means less oxygen is available to higher forms of aquatic life. The consequences of high BOD are the same as those for low dissolved oxygen: aquatic organisms become stressed, suffocate, and die. Knowledge of oxygen utilization of a polluted water supply is important because: 1. It is the measure of the pollution load, relative to oxygen utilization by other life in the water; 2. It is the means for predicting progress of aerobic decomposition and the amount of self-purification taking place; 3. It is the measure of the oxygen demand load removal efficiency by different treatment process. Factors that contributes to variations in BOD The Seed Is the bacterial culture that affects the oxidation of materials in the sample. If the biological seed is not acclimated to the particular wastewater, erroneous results are frequently obtained. pH The BOD results are also greatly affected by the pH of the sample, especially if it is lower than 6.5 or higher than 8.3. In order to achieve uniform conditions, the sample should be buffered to a pH of about 7. Temperature Standard test condition calls for a temperature of 20 ÌŠC (68 ÌŠF). field tests often require operation at other temperatures and, consequently, the results tend to vary unless temperature corrections are applied. Toxicity The presence of toxic materials may result increase in the BOD value as a specific sample is dilluted for the BOD test.Consistent value may be obtained either by removing the toxic materials from the sample or By developing a seed that is compatible with the toxic material in the sample. Incubation Time The usual standard lab test incubation time is 5 days, results may occur at a flat part or occur at a steeply rising portion.Depending on the type of seed and the type of oxidable material, divergent result can be expected. Nitrification In the usual course BOD test, the oxygen consumption rises steeply at the beginning of the test owing to attack on carbohydrate materials. Another sharp increase in oxygen utilization occurs sometime during 10th to 15th day in those samples containing nitrogenous materials. How we determine or measure BOD? Five-Day BOD Procedure The BOD test takes 5 days to complete and is performed using a dissolved oxygen test kit. The BOD level is determined by comparing the DO level of a water sample taken immediately with the DO level of a water sample that has been incubated in a dark location for 5 days. The difference between the two DO levels represents the amount of oxygen required for the decomposition of any organic material in the sample and is a good approximation of the BOD level. Test procedures: 1. Take 2 samples of water 2. Record the DO level (ppm) of one immediately using the method described in the dissolved oxygen test. 3. Place the second water sample in an incubator in complete darkness at 20oC for 5days. If you dont have an incubator, wrap the water sample bottle in aluminum foil or black electrical tape and store in a dark place at room temperature (20 ÌŠC or 68  °F). 4. After 5 days, take another dissolved oxygen reading (ppm) using the dissolved oxygen test kit. 5. Subtract the Day 5 reading from the Day 1 reading to determine the BOD level. Record your final BOD result in ppm. Note: Generally, when BOD levels are high, there is a decline in DO levels. This is because the demand for oxygen by the bacteria is high and they are taking that oxygen from the oxygen dissolved in the water. If there is no organic waste present in the water, there wont be as many bacteria present to decompose it and thus the BOD will tend to be lower and the DO level will tend to be higher. At high BOD levels, organisms such as macro  invertebrates that are more tolerant of lower dissolved oxygen may appear and become numerous. Organisms that need higher oxygen levels) will NOT survive. Extended BOD Test Continuation of BOD test beyond 5 days shows a continuing oxygen demand, with a sharp increase in BOD rate at the 10th day owing to nitrification. The latter process involves biological attack on nitrogenous organic material accompanied by an increase in BOD rate. The oxygen demand continues at a uniform rate for an extended time. Manometric BOD Test In the manometric procedure, the seeded sample is confined in a closed system that includes an appreciable amount of air . As the oxygen in the water is depleted, it is replenish by the gas phase. A potassium hydroxide (KOH) absorber within the system removes any gaseous carbon dioxide generated by bacterial action. The oxygen removed from the air phase results in a drop in pressure that is that is removed with a manometer. This fall is then related to the BOD of the sample. Electrolysis System for BOD The measuring principle for all electrolytic respirometers is quite similar. As micro-organisms respire they use oxygen converting the organic carbon in the solution to CO2 gas, which is absorbed to alkali. This causes a reduction in the gas pressure, which can be sensed with various sensors or membranes. A small current is created in electrolysis cell and this generates oxidation/reduction reactions in the electrolysis cell and oxygen is formed at the anode. Electrolysis of water can supply oxygen to a closed system as incubation proceeds . At constant current, the time during which electrolysis generates the oxygen to keep the system pressure constant is a direct measure of the oxygen demand. The amount of oxygen produced by the electrolysis correlates with the amount of oxygen consumed by bacteria. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) Is the standard method for indirect measurements of the amount of pollution in a sample of water that cannot be oxidized biologically. Is based on the chemical decomposition of organic and inorganic contaminants, dissolved or suspended in water. Why Measure Chemical Oxygen Demand? It is often measured as a rapid indicator for organic pollutant in water. Normally measured in both municipal and industrial wastewater treatment plants and gives an indication of the efficiency of the treatment process. It is measured on both influent and effluent water. Standard Dichromate COD Procedure A sample is heated to its boiling point with known amounts of sulfuric acid and potassium dichromate. The loss of water is minimized by the reflux condenser. After 2 h, the solution is cooled, and the amount of dichromate that reacted with oxidizable material in the water sample is determined by titrating the excess potassium dichromate with ferrous sulfate. Dichromate consumed is calculated as to oxygen equivalent for the sample and stated as milligrams of oxygen per liter of sample (ml/l). Factors preventing the concordance of BOD values to COD values: Many organic materials are oxidizable by dichromate but not biochemically oxidizable, and vice versa. For example, pyridine, benzene, and ammonia are not attacked by the dichromate procedure. A number of inorganic substances such as sulfide, sulfites, thiosulfates, nitrites, and ferrous iron are oxidized by dichromate, creating an inorganic COD that is misleading when estimating the organic content of wastewater. Although the factor of seed acclimation will give erroneously low results on the BOD tests, COD results are not dependent on acclimation. Chlorides interfere with the COD analysis, and their effect must be minimized in order to obtain consistent results. The standard procedure provides for only a limited amount of chlorides in the sample. This is usually accomplished by diluting the sample to achieve a lower chloride concentration and interference. This can be a problem for low COD  concentration samples, as the dilution may dilute the COD concentration below the detection level or to levels at which accuracy and repeatability are poor. COD Detector The term COD usually refers to the laboratory dichromate oxidation procedure, although it has also been applied to other procedures that differ greatly from the dichromate method but which do involve chemical reaction. These methods have been embodied in instruments both for manual operation in the laboratory and for automatic operation online. They have the distinct advantage of reducing analysis time from days (5-day BOD) and hours (dichromate, respirometer) to minutes. Automatic On-Line Designs Takes a 5 cc sample from the flowing process stream. Injects it into the reflux chamber after mixing it together with dilution water (if any) agents. One ozone-based scheme enriches dilution water with and with two reagents: dichromate solution and sulfuric acid. The reagents also contain an oxidation catalyst (silver sulfate) and a chemical that complexes chlorides in the solution (mercuric sulfate). The mixture is boiled at 302 °F (150 °C) by the heater. Vapors are condensed by the cooling water in the reflux condenser. During which the dichromate ions are reduced to trivalent chromic ions, as the oxygen demanding organics are oxidized in the sample. The chromic ions give the solution a green color. The COD concentration is measured by detecting the amount of dichromate converted to chromic ions by measuring the intensity of the green color through a fiber-optic detector. The microprocessor-controlled package is available with automatic zeroing, calibration, and flushing features. Sampling and Traditional Parameter Parameter Limit Value Sampling: pH, Standard Units 6.0 9.0 Traditional Parameters: Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) ≠¤ 30 ppm Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) ≠¤ 200 ppm COD has a large value than BOD because BOD measurement is based only in decomposition of organic matter while COD measures the decomposition of both organic and Inorganic compound. Sources of Error Cause of using nonhomogeneous sample is the largest error. Use of volumetric flasks and volumetric pipettes with a large bore. Oxidizing agent must be precisely measured. Make sure that the vials are clean and free of air bubbles. Always read the bottom of the meniscus at eye level. Total Oxygen Demand (TOD) The quantitative measurement of the amount of oxygen used to burn the impurities in a liquid sample. Thus, it is a direct measure of the oxygen demand of the sample. Measurement is by continuous analysis of the concentration of oxygen in a combustion process gas effluent. A quantitative measurement of all oxidizable material in a sample water or wastewater as determined instrumentally by measuring the depletion of oxygen after high-temperature combustion. BOD and COD have long time cycles. COD use corrosive reagents with the inherent problem of disposal. Analysis is faster, approximately 3 min, and uses no liquid reagents in its analysis. Can be correlated to both COD and BOD. Unaffected by the presence of inorganic carbon. Also indicate noncarbonaceous materials that consume or contribute oxygen Since the actual measurement is oxygen consumption. Reflects the oxidation state of the chemical compound. TOD Analyzer The oxidizable components in a liquid sample introduce into the combustion tube are converted to their stable oxides by a reaction that disturbs the oxygen equilibrium in the carrier gas steam. The momentary depletion in the oxygen concentration in the carrier gas is detected by an oxygen detector and recorded as a negative oxygen peak. Sample Valves Sliding Plate Upon a signal from a cycle timer, the air actuator temporarily moves the valve to its â€Å"sample fill† position. At the same time, an air-operated actuator moves a 20-ul sample through the valve into the combustion tube. A stream of oxygen-enriched nitrogen carrier gas moves the slug of sample into the combustion tube. Rotary Sampling Valve A motor continuously rotates a sampling head, which contains a built-in sampling syringe. For part of the time, the tip of the syringe is over a trough that contains the flowing sample. 2 or more cam ramps along the rotational path cause the syringe plunger to rise and fall, thus rinsing the sample chamber. Just before the syringe reaches the combustion tube, it picks up a 20-ul sample. As it rotates over the combustion tube, it discharges the sample. Oxygen Detectors Platinum-lead Fuel Cell Fuel Cell Generates a current in proportion to the oxygen content of the carrier gas passing through it. Before entering the cell, the gas is scrubbed in a potassium hydroxide solution, both to remove acid gases and other harmful combustion products to humidify the gas. The oxygen cell and the scrubber are located in a temperature-controlled compartment. The fuel cell output is monitored and zeroed to provide a constant baseline. The output peaks are linearly proportionate to the reduced concentration of oxygen in the carrier gas as a result of the sample’s TOD. Yttrium-doped Zirconium Oxide Ceramic Tube Coated on both sides with a porous layer of platinum. It is maintained at an elevated temperature and also provides an output that represents the reduction in oxygen concentration in the carrier gas that is a result of the sample’s TOD. The operation of these oxygen detectors involves the ionization of oxygen in both a sample and a known reference gas stream. When the sample and reference gas streams come in contact with the electrode surfaces, oxygen ionizes into O-2 ions. The oxygen ion concentrations in each stream is a function of the partial pressure of oxygen in the stream. The potential at each electrode will depend on the partial pressure of oxygen in the gas stream. The electrode with higher potential (higher oxygen concentration) will generate oxygen ions, whereas the electrode with lower potential (lower oxygen concentration) will convert oxygen ions to oxygen molecules. Calibration Analysis is by comparison of peak heights or areas to a standard calibration curve. To prepare this curve, known TOD concentrations of a primary standard (KHP) are prepared in distilled and deionized water. Standard solutions are stable for several weeks at room temperature. Water solutions of other organic compounds can also be used as standards. Several analyses can be made at each calibration concentration, and the resulting data are recorded as parts per million (ppm) TOD vs. peak height or area. Applications: Correlation: Many regulatory agencies recognize as the basis for oxygen-depleting pollution control only BOD or COD (preferably BOD) measurements of pollution load, because they are concerned with the pollution load on receiving waters, which is related to lowering the DO due to bacterial activity. If other methods described are to be used to satisfy legal requirements of pollution load in effluents or to measure BOD removal, it is important to establish a correlation between the other methods and BOD or COD (preferably BOD). Salient Features: a measurement of property of the sample, i.e. the amount of oxygen required for bacterial oxidation of bacterial food in the water, the BOD dependence of the oxygen demand on the nature of the food as well as on its quantity dependence of the oxygen demand on the nature and amount of the bacteria Another extensive study concluded the following: (1) A reliable statistical correlation between BOD and COD of a wastewater and its corresponding TOD can frequently be achieved, particularly when the organic strength is high and the diversity in dissolved organic constituents is low. (2) The relationship is best described by a least squares regression with the degree of fit expressed by the correlation coefficient (3) The observed correspondence of COD-TOD was better than that of COD-BOD for the wastewaters. (4) The BOD-COD ratio of an untreated wastewater is indicative of the biological treatment possible with the particular wastewater. Comparison: COMPARISON BOD COD TOD Definition The oxygen required when a population of bacteria causes the oxidation reaction in a population of bacteria. The oxygen equivalent when the oxidation is carried out with a chemical oxidizing reagent such as potassium dichromate. The oxygen equivalent when oxidation is caused by heating the sample in a furnace in the presence of a catalyst and oxygen. Analyzer Utilize bacteria to oxidize the pollutants Measured through chemical oxidation and catalytic combustion techniques Oxidize the sample in a catalyzed thermal combustion process and detect both the organic and inorganic impurities in a sample Response-Range 5 days 30 mg/L 2 hours 250-500 ppm 3 minutes 100-100,000 mg/L Inaccuracy-Cost 3 – 20% / $500 $20,000 2 – 10% / $8,00 $20,000 2 – 5% / $5,000 $20,000

Breaking Up (Online or Not) :: essays research papers

How to Break-Up (Online or Otherwise) In the last year, I have watched the fallout from a number of relationships and break-ups take over the bulletin boards. These problems have caused hurt feelings, have ended friendships, and have come to involve dozens of people (through bulletin boards, email, and other electronica) who have no personal stake in the outcome. The emotional devastation these poorly handled situations bring is totally unnecessary, and prompted the following. The following is not scientific fact: it is based on my own observations, the experiences of my friends (male and female; straight, gay, and bi) and family, and a lot of tired, commercial popular psychology. That doesn't, however, mean that it's bad advice. [sanctimony] 1. Do it in person. If this is an online relationship, it may not be possible. That doesn't give you an excuse to send a Dear John/Jane e-mail. Get as close to in-person as you can, given the limitations of space and time. Call on the phone if you must, go over if you can. But NEVER break up with an answering machine, an e-mail account, or a public forum. You and your ex both deserve better: if this relationship ever meant anything to you, it needs closure. If it didn't, you have no right to take that out on them by treating them callously; it's not your ex's fault that you don't love them anymore. You are not "off the hook," you still have to treat them like a real person, with actual feelings. 2. Be honest, and do it before you're so upset that you can't be reasonable. If you're having problems, that doesn't necessarily mean that your partner knows about them or understands what they can do to help. Take the time to let them know what's bothering you. If your partner really cares about you, chances are some compromise can be reached, or they will at least try to address the behaviors that make you crazy. If it's unsalvagable, at least show them enough respect to end things finally, and with dignity. Don't say you want to be "friends" if what you really mean is "drop dead, you jerk." There's a big difference between letting someone down easy and leaving them hanging, emotionally manipulating them to serve your own ego needs. Be clear, concise, and as reasonable and respectful as possible. This isn't easy for anyone, and your ex deserves, at minimum, as much truth as you can give without being brutal and/or hurtful.

The Act Of Bullying In Schools Education Essay

Bullying is the act whereby a individual hurts, persecutes or even intimidates a weaker individual. This is one act which is profoundly rooted in schools where the seniors take advantage of the juniors and maltreat them a great trade. The strong-arming action involves many incidences of combat, in which instance the toughs involve themselves in battles with the other pupils ( Whitted & A ; Dupper, 2010 ) . The victims of such an action are more frequently faced with quite a figure of jobs which are non encouraging. These may consist of disquietedness, really low ego regard, depression, really low-self assurance, and even hapless self-image ( Whitted & A ; Dupper, 2010 ) . The victims may be so much affected that they start losing involvement in school. Both the toughs and those bullied show hapless psychosocial operation than those who are wholly uninvolved ( Nansel et al, 2009 ) . This translates to really low school attending and attendant hapless public presentation in the academi c circles. This is so a major job which needs to be addressed with all the earnestness that it deserves. However, the instructors, in the procedure of controling this mystifier, may stop up passing instructional clip on the same, something that affects the overall academic criterions in the long tally. Background Covering with this facet of force in schools has become a teething job to most instructors. High profile degrees of force are most dealt with, but strong-arming is one signifier of force which is non considered to be utmost but ought to be taken attention of, lest it brings down the criterions of instruction due to its inauspicious effects. Harmonizing to research which has been carried out in the recent times, intimidation has been found to hold really deep effects on the general acquisition ambiance of a school. The ability of proper acquisition by the pupil is extremely affected due to apprehensiveness. This is brought approximately by the torment and all signifiers of bullying associated with intimidation patterns. If this job is non corrected, it can take to other signifiers of force, which might be more unsafe ( Whitted & A ; Dupper, 2010 ) . Back in the twelvemonth 2001, the â€Å" No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 † ( NCLB ) , a jurisprudence which was passed in the Uni ted States of America, sees unto it that safety in the school is upheld and of major importance to the school direction. Schools which are considered to be mature with job behaviours and therefore insecure are marked, and their pupils permitted to travel to safer schools. However, those schools which are considered to be safe demand be in the same vicinity or part. This shows the earnestness with which the facet of force, and in this instance intimidation, is taken with. Bullying, as one of the major job behaviours in schools, can really hold sedate reverberations on all the parties involved in it, and are at times long-run. The victims ever suffer a batch of jobs. They try to sequester themselves and this leads to depression and a feeling of insecurity at all times ( Crick & A ; Casar, 2009 ) . Students tend to detest and fear traveling to school, one thing that leads to many school dropouts ( Whitted & A ; Dupper, 2010 ) . The toughs besides suffer emotionally and their societal lives may be eroded in the long tally. These toughs may stop up in unsafe packs and groups in future. These are the people who get involved in condemnable activities and stop up being a menace to the society. Therefore, the earlier this job is taken attention of, the better. The informants besides bear some effects. Reports indicate that informants of these strong-arming actions suffer fright of being the following victims and marks of such mistreatments. They therefore suf fer hurt and are ever unhappy about the same. This translates to hapless public presentation in their faculty members since they concentrate on how to avoid the toughs and being the latter ‘s quarry, instead than concentrating on faculty members ( Chandler et al. ) . Anti-bully plans which are to win at the school degree need to aim the kids as persons. This will assist in altering the manner the pupils position and comprehend the whole affair, which translates to a safer acquisition environment. To accomplish this, all the parties have to be profoundly involved in these plans, that is, the victims, the toughs, those who witness these actions, and even their households ( Whitted & A ; Dupper, 2010 ) . For these types of plans to bear fruit, the instructors and decision makers must ever demo their involvement by manner of to the full back uping the plan. This involves passing fundss on them and guaranting that the plans are taught in category by manner of drifting them in the course of study. The instructors should take a firm stand on etiquette and acceptable behavioural tendencies amongst the pupils. School regulations need to be developed which prohibit strong-arming at all costs. Everybody in the school, need to take it as his or her ain enterprise to control this frailty and convey it to an terminal. No 1 should excuse this type of behaviour, and more so the caput of the establishment. The decision makers should affect everybody in coming up with policies that address this job and the policies need to be written 1s and distributed to the whole school community. One such policy should clearly specify what intimidation is and most likely a coverage system which is rather confidential. This will travel a long manner in promoting those who are victimized or have witnessed such an action in the establishment to describe without fright of being known ( Nansel et al, 2009 ) . An appraisal of the advancement of the anti-bully plans is supposed to be implemented in order to c over decently with this frailty. This can be done in signifier of questionnaires which are distributed most frequently. Through such appraisals, consciousness is created in the school and aid to take a firm stand the importance of good behavioural patterns. Such an appraisal besides assistance in the procedure of coming up with other schemes such as programs of implementing the plans which are set, since everyone is involved. Now that everyone is involved, consciousness and cognition over the same is enhanced, one thing that help cultivate virtuousnesss such as empathy in the pupil ‘s lives. Problem Statement The general survey is how the instructors covering with strong-arming during the category that involve physical maltreatment, psychological, and badgering that may ensue in hapless academic public presentation for the victims. The job of this survey is instructors taken the clip to turn to Acts of the Apostless of force in the schoolroom diminish instructional clip. Bullying is one pattern which is of a major concern to all schools. Not merely does it impact the academic criterions of the pupils and the school in general, but besides leads to eroding of the behaviours and ethical motives of those involved, particularly the toughs. This job needs to be sorted out for there to be a good and ample environment for larning to take topographic point efficaciously. Research has proven that most instructors take strong-arming for granted. They take it as mere childhood wonts and behaviours. The dining hall torment patterns, for illustration, are normally overlooked, and this forms the footing for this type of sick behaviour that needs to be done off with ( Whitted & A ; Dupper, 2010 ) . The job arises where the instructors tend to pass clip covering with intimidation instances, clip which could otherwise be used in productive academic work. This is because they are involved to the full in the decision-making procedures, which include coming up with poli cies which may be used in covering with this job. Execution of these policies is besides time-consuming ; particularly where they are floated after there is an dismaying rate of strong-arming incidences. Both school and student-intervention methods discussed earlier on should be implemented in order to cultivate an environment which is friendly and easy to cover with. Teachers who have incorporated instructions on strong-arming into their instruction course of study find it easy to cover with this frailty in ulterior yearss. This is because the pupils learn to appreciate each other and incidences of strong-arming are greatly reduced. A qualitative descriptive research methodological analysis is appropriate while transporting out this survey since it entails inside informations refering the ideas of people, particularly the instructors and their sentiments. The population group has to affect unfastened inquiries and a physical instruction instructor from Jacksonville, FL Schools. Purpose statement The intent of this descriptive qualitative survey is to derive some apprehension from instructors about their perceptual experiences and patterns environing strong-arming behaviours in category. This is based on the fact that teachers view this whole issue in a different position. This research survey is aimed at look intoing the grade and extent of job behaviour in schools nationally. The survey will imply all the signifiers of force in the school whether high-level or low-level. Problem behaviours which are regarded to be utmost or high-ranking include onslaught and even killings.This are normally given all the attending in most schools at the disbursal of the low-level signifiers of force ( Crick & A ; Casar, 2009 ) . Some signifiers of job behaviours are non viewed as being exterme, and are therefore overlooked. One such signifier of force is strong-arming and is truly widespread ( Whitted & A ; Dupper, 2010 ) . The environment and general temper of the school is ever affected by strong-arming patterns. The aftereffects of strong-arming are far much alarming and it ‘s a high clip the job is solved one time and for all. The other intent of this descriptive qualitative research survey is to look into the sort of attempts which are underway in schools to forestall job behaviour. Due to the inauspicious effects of the latter in schools, a batch is being done to make away with it. The instructors are the acknowledged leaders in this attempt ; nevertheless, duty for effectual anti-bullying plans must be the duty of the entire school community ( Nansel et al, 2009 ) . One of them is integrating strong-arming bar plans in the course of study. This aid in early instructions against job behaviours in the pupils. It besides creates awareness amongst the school community and will travel a long manner in forestalling any farther behavioural jobs in future. Policies to cover with intimidation jobs are besides established. This has to affect all the members of the school community for effectual execution and attachment to these policies. The caputs of the schools are besides at the head in the kerb of these behav ioural jobs. There bases are to be steadfast and should direct strong messages which prohibit these signifiers of force since they extremely and negatively hold both physical, societal, and psychological impacts. The concluding intent of this descriptive research survey is to look into how good the attempts to forestall job behaviour are being implemented. Some of the policies are implemented, but non in full, a thing which hinders the full realisation of the chief aim. The school squad responsible for inadvertence of the school ‘s blustery bar plan provides developing for all staff members on this issue and any other behavioural jobs and this commission trade with execution of all the set up policies ( Nansel et al, 2009 ) . This survey is to travel into the deepnesss of measuring and analyzing the correlativity between strong-arming and engagement in physical instruction categories, a thing which is to help the procedure of battling job behaviours in schools and their associated effects.

why an organisation might need to change

So you are standing by the H2O ice chest with the remainder of the staff, chew the fating. Then person points to a new notice on the staff cork board. All of you rush to the notice and moan in unison: yes, another alteration will be made in your section. You wonder whether your occupation is on the line, trusting against hope that it is non. Your organisation is traveling through an organisational alteration. ( www.bokca.com ) Many factors underpin the demand for alteration in an administration. Change can stem from growing, economic downswing, tougher or indulgent trading conditions, engineering and scheme alterations. Competitive and client force, authorities statute law and enterprises can all impel alteration. As we enter the twenty-first Century, alteration and how to take it successfully has become the first subject on the heads of organisational leaders. And for good grounds: Change is go oning everyplace ; its velocity and complexness are increasing ; and the future success of our organisations depends on how successful leaders are at taking that alteration. ( Anderson Dean, 2006 p34 ) All of us can be a small dying about alteration, hence, consciously or subconsciously we resist it as sometimes those frights are good founded and if established the alteration will truly hold a negative impact on us. Even though in many instances, nevertheless, those targeted for the alteration semen to gain that the alteration was for the better. Change is invariably increasing particularly with the reaching of the cyberspace and the rapid usage of new engineerings has led to new ways of making concern. In this essay I am traveling to exemplify how internal and external force per unit areas in the administration I work for initiated alteration. I will be pulling on theories and practical experience to convey to fore the procedures of alteration. There have been a batch of extremist alterations in UK schools in the past decennary. The authorities and other educational organic structures have introduced assorted signifiers of inventions that have affected our nursery school and kids ‘s Centre. The Single Funding Formula is one of the inventions that is impacting on my school and kids ‘s Centre. In June 2007 the Government announced that local governments will be required to make and implement a individual expression support for funding Free Entitlement to early old ages proviso for 3 and 4 twelvemonth olds across all sectors. This move was towards bettering equity and transparence in the manner that support is allocated to suppliers of early old ages instruction and in the procedure create support for the 15 hours extension to be delivered from September 2010. What the authorities agencies, is that support degrees and processs do non hold to synchronise for all early old ages ( baby's room ) suppliers but they must be just and any discrepancies should be sensible and incontrovertible. Basically the authorities wants private, voluntary and independent baby's rooms to be financed in the same manner maintained baby's rooms are funded. In 1999 the school support system was introduced based upon the Local Management of Schools ( LMS ) and its fiscal deputation to schools. Formula support and the deputation of fiscal duty to schools were its cardinal facets. The schools are located a ball amount budget so they decided on how to pass the money on students. In avertedly a mechanism is used to find how much budget each school is allocated. The implicit in rule for the alterations being required to Formula Funding relate to the debut of the Early Years Foundation Stage. Schools and early old ages suppliers have to follow a construction of acquisition, development and attention for kids from birth to five old ages old. This is called the Early Years Foundation Stage ( EYFS ) . ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.direct.gov.uk ) This is a planned alteration initiated by the authorities and the Department for Children Schools and Families after recognizing the demand for alteration in their support policy and processs. An inaugural driven from top to bottom and catapulted into action by external and internal power. Private, Voluntary and independent baby's room suppliers have for a long clip complained about non acquiring adequate money from the authorities Nursery Education Grant to cover the cost some of their Sessionss. Planned alteration involves a witting determination by person ( Federal or national policy shaper, local authorities policymaker, school principal ) to alter or transform some bing pattern in a system or organisation. ( Ciaran Sugrue, 2008 ) The authorities and the Department for Children Schools and Families ( DCSF ) have committed to this planned alteration and they have created a sound measure by measure attack in order to carry through its purposes. They have issued counsel and held audiences to implement the new strategy. The ends of the alteration and its development were clearly set in the counsel sent out to local governments. Suppliers and local governments have been fixing for this for over two old ages, pattern counsel was issued to all local governments last twelvemonth and updated in July this twelvemonth. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //news.bbc.co.uk ) Consultations are besides being held to find why the alteration is necessary. Single expression support jobs and chances have been evaluated. Unison in the missive to it members describe some of the impact this alteration will hold on baby's rooms. The manner expression is developed could hold a major impact on kept up baby's rooms, school based baby's rooms and kids ‘s Centres. One of the chief differences in the new support mechanism is that kept up baby's rooms will now be funded on the footing of topographic points filled instead than on topographic points offered as was antecedently the instance. This means that nursery school support will be reduced if they offer topographic points in their baby's room that are non filled. This alteration could intend fiscal troubles for baby's rooms with unfilled topographic points and should be monitored closely by subdivisions. ( McAnea C, 2009 ) DSCF are the selected alteration agents responsible for the execution of the planned alteration. They are working with the local governments in audience procedure. Practice counsel, developed from the experience and acquisition of the nine governments working with the DSCF since November 2007, is now available below to assist all LAs get down to develop their ain individual expression. The six original pilot governments are: Hertfordshire, Somerset, Leeds, Rochdale, Croydon and Southampton. Thesiss have since been joined by Derby, Greenwich, North Somerset, North Yorkshire and Shropshire. ( www.dcsf.gov.uk ) In measure with the alteration, DSCF have gathered informations about the clime of the baby's rooms schools in order to assist them fix for the alteration. Nurseries and other educational establishments were asked to notice on the individual expression support. A interpreter for Newcastle City Council said, ‘All local governments have been directed by the DCSF to reexamine the expression for funding the free entitlement to turn to incompatibilities and fund on the footing of engagement. An unfastened. transparent, clearly reasoned expression has been agreed by the Schools Forum, which has baby's room headteacher representation on it. Nursery school headteachers, governors and staff have been to the full engaged in the procedure, and are having targeted support to assist pull off the passage procedure. ( Nursery World, 2009 ) DSCF selected a few local governments who piloted the strategy to get down with so will turn over it out in April 2010. They have made themselves sensitive to the force per unit areas for alteration by utilizing webs of people and the pilot strategies. Cardinal stat mis rocks have been set up to find the when, where and how of the strategy. The DSCF released the concluding counsel for implementing the individual expression, have held audience procedures and recognised the cost in each supplier sector and understood the behavior cost. It has besides delegated duty to the local governments for each of the ends and aims of the alteration in expression support. After all questions have been answered, the program will be put into operation nationwide in 2010. This alteration can be described as transitional which is 2nd order established to transform Formula Funding. It is one the complex types of alteration which occurs in an administration. Transitional alteration looks to accomplish a known coveted status that varies from an bing one. It is sporadic, planned, 2nd order and extremist. Over the old ages transitional alteration has become the footing of much of the organizational alteration literature. It besides has its basicss in the work of Kurt Lewin who conceptualised alteration as a three-stage procedure. Transitional alteration is more intrusive than developmental alteration as it replaces bing procedures or processs with something that is wholly new to the company. The period when the old procedure is being dismantled and the new procedure is being implemented is called the transitional stage. A corporate reorganisation, amalgamation, acquisition, making new merchandises or services, and implementing new engineering are illustrations of transitional alteration. 9 ( hypertext transfer protocol: //businessmanagement.suite101.com ) Social scientist Kurt Lewin ‘s theory introduced a three measure alteration theoretical account. He saw behaviour as an active balance of powers working in opposite waies. These driving powers bring about alteration because they lead employees in the coveted way. Controling powers, nevertheless, hinder alteration because they push employees in the opponent way. He argued hence that these powers be examined. Lewin ‘s three-step theoretical account can assist travel the balance towards the way of planned alteration. The first measure in the procedure of altering behavior is to dissolve the existent state of affairs. To dissolve is of import as it helps get the better of the tensenesss of single opposition and group understanding. It can be achieved in three ways. One is to increase the driving power that controls behaviour off from the existent state of affairs. Two is to cut down the commanding powers that negatively affect the motion from the bing equilibrium. Three create some activities that can assist in the unfreezing measure like actuating participants by acquiring them ready for alteration. You could besides construct trust and place jobs and brainstorm solutions within a group. This is what happened with our alteration. DSCF and local governments created a pilot strategy and besides organised audience undertakings and meetings which will construct trust, place and work out jobs. As a formal topic for survey and application, alteration direction can be said to hold begun some 50 old ages ago with what has since become known as the planned theoretical account of alteration. The fact that this theoretical account lies at the bosom of organisation development and is associated with its major theoreticians, such as Blake and Mouton [ 8 ] and Gallic and Bell [ 9 ] , is a testimony to its importance. The beginnings and kernel of planned alteration prevarication with the pioneering work of Kurt Lewin [ 4 ] . ( Burnes Bernard, 1997 ) The 2nd measure in the procedure is motion. Here, it is purported that it is necessary to travel the mark system to a new degree of balance. One of the three actions to be taken to assist the motion includes carrying employees to be in understanding that the position quo is non helpful to them and promoting them to see the job from a fresh position, working together on a Hunt for new, of import information and link the vision of the group to well-respected, influential leaders that besides support the change.. The 3rd measure in the three-step alteration theoretical account is refreezing. This measure is to be taken when alteration has already taken topographic point to do it effectual over clip. This is when new values are integrated into the community values and traditions. By equilibrating the drive and commanding power the new balance is stabilised. New forms need to be reinforced and institutionalised through formal and informal mechanism including policies and processs. This alteration has evidently non received a warm welcomed from some of the early old ages suppliers. Many particularly the kept up baby's rooms fear that support by caput count alternatively of topographic points available will cut down their support by comparatively big proportions. There is talk about baby's rooms shuting down because of cuts in support hence taking to occupation loses or cut. Megan Pacey, main executive of Early Education, which represents baby's room schools in the kept up sector, said they were confronting budget cuts of between a one-fourth and a 3rd. She said: â€Å" At the really least it means there will be redundancies to staff and it is improbable that baby's room schools will be able to make the extra things like address and linguistic communication therapy and extended household services. ( www.bbc.co.uk ) Others feel that any cuts will hold a damaging consequence on the kids ‘s life and acquisition and are recommending for physical action. Nurseries are being urged by Early Education to subscribe a request against the execution of the Early Years Single Funding Formula ( EYSFF ) , which it claims will hold a negative impact on the most deprived kids. ( www.nurseryworld.co.uk ) â€Å" It ‘s a 2nd place for my household. When we ‘re both working we have to cognize our kids will be loved, cared for and educated to the highest criterions, † her male parent, Dean Halfpenny-Steel, says. â€Å" The whole Centre is portion of the household. † But from September following twelvemonth that could alter as the baby's room is confronting losing a one-fourth of its budget in the support difference that is endangering every state-run nursery school in England ( www.guardian.co.uk ) Headteachers of kept up baby's rooms are afraid that hard currency will be switched to private baby's rooms. This will hold annihilating effects on kept up baby's room schools. Our baby's room has already experienced the above and has made immense accommodations to our budget in clip for new alterations in support policy and processs. Casual staff have had their hours slashed and one individual voluntary stood down. Two people who are on pregnancy leave have non had their station covered by other staff as new people have non been employed. We presently short staffed but everyone is willing to work towards salvaging money. Not all employees will oppose alteration, and cabals of support and opposition are non uncommon, for employees frequently will take sides. For illustration, those who favor a peculiar alteration and who feel most comfy with it constantly will back up the alteration, while employees adversely affected by the alteration normally will be less excited by it, are more likely to be dying about it and normally will defy it ( Carr, 1994 ; Geyer, 1995 ) . It is no surprise, hence, that employees who feel threatened by a alteration attempt can defy with a resiliency that matches or exceeds the will of the alteration leaders, particularly when those employees possess power. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.esc.edu ) Resistance was met by go toing assorted meetings and allowing our concerns be heard state broad. There have been concerns raised sing the alterations to the support expression for early years.A Local Authorities are expected to hold in topographic point by April 2010 a individual support expression which allocates support to all early old ages suppliers, maintained, private, voluntary and independent, based on the same principles.A This has caused troubles in a important figure of LAs and has resulted in the Minister, Dawn Primarola, composing to LAs and directing extra counsel to them. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.naht.org.uk ) The DCSF select commission has decided to establish an enquiry into the impact the individual support expression will hold on maintained nursery school. The NAHT is stating their members to supply written entries to the commission. Following the Committee ‘s unwritten grounds session on the Early Years Single Funding Formula on 28 October, the Children, Schools and Families Committee is now ask foring written entries on: The expected impact of new local support expression on suppliers of early old ages instruction and child care services ; Difficulties which have been encountered in pulling up new support expression, and how they are being overcome. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.naht.org.uk ) Change is natural and sometimes good, but people ‘s response to it is unpredictable and even irrational sometimes. It can nevertheless be managed good if done decently. Change is upsetting for people and has greater possible to do failures, loss of production, or falling quality in work done. Besides there is nil every bit of import to the endurance of an administration as alteration. There are so many historical illustrations of administrations that failed to alter and are now out of concern. I feel to successfully pull off this support alteration, things will hold to be seen from the position the employees. There should be definition and apprehension. Everyone is fearful of the unknown and most alteration ever brings the unknown and or an outlook of loss doing people to defy it. The front-end of a individual ‘s opposition to alter is how they see the alteration and the back-end is how good they are capable of covering with the alteration they imagine. A individual †˜s grade of opposition to alter is normally dominated by whether they see the alteration as good or bad, and how strict they anticipate the impact of the alteration will be on them. If they should accept the alteration it would hold been based on the quality of their header accomplishments. The political metaphor is more applicable to understanding opposition to alter because it acknowledges the importance of organisational civilization and political relations ( Gallagher, Rose, McClelland, Reynolds, & A ; Tombs, 1997 ; Hartel & A ; Berry, 1999 ; Meyerson & A ; Martin, 1987 ; Pettigrew, 1973, 1985, 1987 ) and that opposition is frequently site specific ( Knights & A ; Vurdubakis, 1994 ) . It more readily acknowledges that employees will of course be leery about alteration ( Toffler, 1970 ) , and that opposition is frequently a consequence of the employees ‘ subjective constructs of what is desirable ( Collinson, 1994 ; Jermier, Knights, & A ; Nord, 1994 ) . ( Phil Hay et Al, 2000 ) My occupation, if I was a leader would be to turn to their opposition from both terminals to assist the headteachers cut down it to a minimum, manageable degree. I would non bulldoze through their opposition so that I can travel in front which sometimes feels like they are making. If I was DSCF I would carry Headteachers of the benefits the proposed alterations will convey. I would besides do certain that headteachers have the chance to act upon the alterations by organizing a working group, for case. Its members would be the respected amongst the schools and would besides be people who have a existent positive attitude towards the alteration. They would be working group that is unfastened to new thoughts and capable of bring forthing originative solutions. Finally they would be cognizant of the practical deductions of any solution to individual expression support.

hills essays

hills essays It had rained before dawn on that particular Wednesday in December of 1986, but by nine oclock sunshine spread like warm butter through the green, landscape folds of the overpriced Beverly Hills canyon. A woman stood at a bedroom window, gazing at the sunlit morning. Even unadorned with her black mane of hair pulled austerely back , a peignoir hiding here apparently felicitous curves, she was lovely. For a moment she closed her eyes and here thoughtful expression altered to one of haunted dread. Then she shrugged as if reminding here self of a task, and move briskly to a long, narrow dressing room. Behind a professional, strew of cosmetics, the front section of the Los Angels Times was folded and was propped to show a photograph of her. With her artfully tousled head throw back and her lipsticked mouth open in a breathless smile, her image on black and white newsprint appeared far tougher,that of an aggressively sensual woman. The caption read: ALYSSIA DEL MAR, THE RETURN OF THE RECLUSIVE STAR Alyssia Del Mar hadent made a film in six years. For long months at a time she vanished completely. Here reappearance were noted by television newscast and the press- the Star and the Inquire routinely sold out when they printed a rumor that she had been secluded in an exotic Katumandu palace, a Moorish castle, or a viceregal estancia in the Brazilian jungle with some billionar , Say Adran Kashoggi, or a notable like prince Rainer. Legends have never thriven on the rocky soil of truth and Alyssia del Mar had transcended her own myth. What is more intriguing than a star- an international star of the first magnitude- who quits at the height of her beauty and fame? The public who has suffered with her through illness, tradgy and lurid scandal, snatch at clues of the enigma. Alyssia switched on a surgical array of lights, leaning forward to study her reflection. Her nose and chin were rather to delicate, but in ...

Female Criminal Profiles - A - Z List

Female Criminal Profiles - A - Z List Brenda Andrew​Classification:  Murderer /  MariticideAndrew is on death row in Oklahoma after being convicted of killing her husband for insurance money. Susan Sadie May Glutz AtkinsClassification:  Murderer / TortureSusan Sadie Atkins is a former member of the Charles Manson family. She swore before a Grand Jury, that under the direction of Charlie Manson, she stabbed actress Sharon Tate. Velma Margie BarfieldClassification: Serial Killer /  Parricide /  MariticideVelma Barfield was dubbed Death Row Granny but she was anything but nurturing. Addicted to drugs, first, she would steal money from family members, then kill them to hide her thievery. Suzanne BassoClassification:  Murderer / Kidnapping / TortureBasso kidnapped a 59-year old retarded man and brutally beat him with various items resulting in his death. Kenisha BerryClassification: Murderer / InfanticideOn November 29, 1998, Berry put duct tape across the mouth of her 4-day-old baby boy, put him into a plastic bag and left his body in a dumpster. He suffocated to death. Linda CartyClassification: Murderer / KidnappingCarty hogtied a woman who had a three-day-old baby, taped a bag over her head and suffocated her. Lynette Alice Squeaky FrommeClassification:  Attempted AssassinationLynette Squeaky Fromme became the voice of the cult leader, Charlie Manson when he was sent to prison. She also pointed a gun at President Ford, for which she is now serving a life sentence. Cathy Lynn HendersonClassification: Murderer / KidnappingHenderson was convicted of the abduction and murder of a 3-month-old baby boy she was babysitting. Brittany HolbergClassification: Murderer /  Robbery / ProstitutionHolberg robbed and murdered an 80-year-old man, striking him with a hammer and stabbing him nearly 60 times. Karla HomolkaClassification: Serial Killer /  Rape / Torture /  FratricideHomolka, one of Canadas most horrific female convicts, has been released from prison after serving a 12-year sentence for her involvement in drugging, raping, torturing and killing young girls over a decade ago. The dead teens included her own young sister who she was offered to her boyfriend as a gift. Stacey LannertClassification: Murderer /  ParricideOn July 4, 1990, Stacey Ann Lannert, age 18, shot and killed her father, Tom Lannert, as he lay sleeping in the familys St. John, Missouri, home. In her statement to the police, Stacey claimed that her father had sexually abused her. She was found guilty of first-degree murder and sentenced to life in prison. Angela McAnultyClassification: Murderer /  Prolicide / TortureAngela McAnulty pleaded guilty to the torture, starvation, and murder of her 14-year-old daughter. Kimberly McCarthyClassification: Murderer  McCarthy stabbed a 70-year-old woman repeatedly resulting in her death. Blanche MooreClassification: Serial Killer Moore had a bad habit of poisoning the men in her life with arsenic. She is currently on death row for killing a boyfriend. Frances Elaine NewtonClassification: Murderer /  FamilicideNewton shot and killed her husband, her seven-year-old son and her 21-month-old daughter for insurance money. Darci PierceClassification:  Murderer /  Fetus TheftDarcie Pierce lied to her family and friend about being pregnant. When it came time for her to have her pretend baby, she murdered a pregnant woman and took her unborn child. Darlie RoutierClassification: Murderer /  Prolicide Darlie  Routier sits on death row in Texas for the murder of her children. Many questions have come up since her trial. Was she railroaded? You decide. Felecia ScottClassification:  Murderer /  Fetus TheftFelecia Scott thought having a baby with her new boyfriend would help seal the relationship, but she couldnt get pregnant. Her solution? Murder a pregnant woman and steal her baby. Erica SheppardClassification:  Murderer /  RobberySheppard wanted her victims car, so she slashed her throat with a knife five times and beat her with a statue. Christina S. WaltersClassification:  Murderer / Gang RelatedAs part of a gang-initiation, Walters randomly selected three teenage girls and shot them. Two of the girls died, one survived. Andrea YatesClassification: Homicide   /  Prolicide A profile of Andrea Yates, her life, her marriage to Rusty Yates, and the tragic events that led up to her drowning her five children.

Eliot's Poetry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Eliot's Poetry - Essay Example Some poems had urban landscape as the backdrop; but mostly it is the inner landscape of the individual's mind that he tried to portray. His language focuses on the acute loneliness of the urban life that shows no sympathy to the individual. Isolation in the crowd is aptly expressed by his images, along with the ordinariness of life. His poetic forms could be termed as dreary compared to earlier poets; but he is depicting the depthless dreariness of modern life. He said: 'A large part of any poet's imagination must come from his reading and from his knowledge of history.' His poems had a sense of history, though he ventured into assessing modern society too often. The complexity of modern life has come across through his images. Glimpses of people who live in the impersonal modern world, spiritually exhausted, emotionally unsupported are shown in The Love song' The language shows the inherent confusion, feeble images, and unauthentic pretence that go through life. The culmination in a sense of defeat is almost predictable and the language could not have been clearer. In the same way, the image of the male observer in the Portrait of a Lady sounds acutely detached and unemotional while encroaching the lonely life of the woman without apology. Once again, almost in identical language, he visualises the mundane city life in Preludes. "To early coffee-stands. With the other masquerades That time resumes, One thinks of all the hands That are raising dingy shades In a thousand furnished rooms." (18-23). There is a definite sense of lack of time and difficult endeavours in the Rhapsody of a windy night. The division of hours and too many mentions of time brings it into acute focus. The same sense of rushing time comes across in the Portrait of a lady when her age is mentioned. The miserable lonely existence and the longing are portrayed alongside the mutilated life along with its acute lack of time for better things. Among the windings of the violins And the ariettes Of cracked cornets Inside my brain a dull tom-tom begins Absurdly hammering a prelude of its own, Capricious monotone. His poetic forms and language reflect the defeated and hopeless idealism. His images show that dreams and elegance are left behind. Eliot's images portray modern society's lack of idealism, emptiness and dangerous cynicism in the modern society. He portrayed the prostitutes as one of the uglier sides of city life in Rhapsody... " 'Regard the woman Who hesitates towards you in the light of the door Which opens on her like a grin. You see the border of her dress Is torn and stained with sand, And you see the corner of her eye Twists like a crooked pin.'" (16-22). It almost sounds inhuman and devouring. His language becomes cynically powerful when he depicts the hopelessness and emptiness of the present world. The images become oppressingly pessimistic and perhaps this is the result of the World War which saw horrendous destruction in Europe the signs of which exist