African-American Civil Right Movement

The African-American Civil Rights Movement During the slight crossroads in history there are times to be viewed as an incredible development. One of those crossroads throughout the entire existence of America was the African-American Civil Rights Movement. This development stopped by storm with various perspectives on how social liberties ought to be battled. With the radicalism of Malcolm X or the productive voice of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. There were key legal disputes Brown v. Leading body of Education and the overall realized Rosa Parks. This activity by African-Americans to battle for balance was a fight which they needed to endure.However, the African-American individuals would have the option to prevail in the objectives which they set. One of the best social developments inside the United States was the African-American Civil Rights Movement. This development needed to freed or prohibit racial oppression African-Americans. The development had a significant crusade of commo n obstruction which were demonstrations of peaceful dissent and common insubordination that would make an unsettling influence to administrative, state, and nearby governments. The isolation among â€Å"White† and â€Å"Colored† was the fundamental driver for these fights. The isolation was nonsense.With separate water fountains, bathrooms, and other miniscule regions the isolation among whites and coloreds kept the fracture between these two races. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. is known for his chivalrous discourses that depict that to flourish as a country, a country must be joined together. With his boss alluring abilities he had the option to catch the eye of the country. His most acclaimed discourse which is referred to by most as â€Å"I have a dream† discourse was the high purpose of the 1963 March on Washington. Another pioneer during the African-American Civil Right Movement was Malcolm X.Though numerous friends seen him as a promoter that charged racial i ssue, he without a doubt brought the consideration of racial treachery. A case of his activities was a New York Police beating on Johnston Hinton. Malcolm X went to the police headquarters to see Mr. Hinton and was denied. Malcolm then made a horde of dissenters and with the developing quantities of his friends the police headquarters at that point permitted him to see Hilton. It was fights like these which lead the charge to fairness all through the country. In any case, there were additionally key claims and legal disputes that would make equity history.During a development there must be guides to which are known, and can be utilized to show either the most elevated accomplishments of the development or show how the old equity framework is destitute. It was the arrangement of legal disputes known as Brown v. Leading group of Education. This case was brought to the consideration of the court framework to permit the instruction of Black and White Children. The legal counselors of th e NAACP expressed that isolation of the school were illegal and didn't advance popular government. With this on May 18, 1954 Greensboro was the main city in the South to execute the decision of the U.S. Supremes Court’s Brown v. Leading body of Education. This had a constructive outcome for the progress ahead to uniformity. Another well known legal dispute was the Rosa Parks and the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Because of her activities taken on December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks was named â€Å"the mother of the Civil Rights Movement†. Rosa Parks will not leave her seat on an open transport to leave space for a white traveler. She was captured, attempted, and indicted for her activities that day. Be that as it may, because of this episode 50 African-American pioneers sorted out the Montgomery Bus Boycott.With the help of around 50,000 African Americans in the Montgomery territory, the blacklist went on for 381 days. The consequences of this blacklist lead to the nearby isolating of African-American and Whites to be lifted. With the mass measure of boycotters the income for the transport diminished 80% until a government court requested the Montgomery’s transport administration to integrate in November. Other authoritative accomplishments during this development were the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Voting Rights Act of 1965, and the Fair Housing Act of 1968.With the African-American Civil Rights Movement being a solid case of the assurance of making a country push ahead to a progressively adequate spot, it was because of these key individuals which stood up a drove a gathering whom needed indistinguishable benefits from those whom previously had. A development with such significance must be educated and comprehended. During any development in history there will consistently be the individuals who rise as pioneers, now and then those need to be a pioneer and a portion of the individuals who are pioneers inadvertently and lead by quiet actions.These deve lopment pioneers: Rosa Parks, Malcolm X, and Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. left a mark on the world which will be cemented into the books of history and will be perpetually known as pioneers in the African-American Civil Rights Movement. End Notes 1. Henretta, J. A, Brody, D. , America a Concise History, Volume 1, Fourth Edition. Boston: Bedfords/St. Martin’s, 2012. 2. Bruce, Perry, The Last Speeches, (New York: Pathfinder, 1998) 978-0-87348-543-2 (got to October 8, 2012), 165. 3. Klarman, Michael J. ,Earthy colored v.Board of Education and the social liberties development: compressed version of From Jim Crow to common rightsâ : the Supreme Court and the battle for racial correspondence, Oxfordâ ; New Yorkâ : Oxford University Press, 2007, p. 55 4. Scrape, William Henry, Civilities and social liberties: Greensboro, North Carolina, and the Black battle for opportunity, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1980) 0-19-502625-X (Accessed October 8, 2012), 81. Catalog Henretta, J . A, Brody, D. , America a Concise History, Volume 1, Fourth Edition. Boston: Bedfords/St. Martin’s, 2012. Perry, Bruce. The Last Speeches. New York: Pathfinder, 1989. 78-0-87348-543-2 (got to October 8, 2012). Klarman, Michael J. ,Earthy colored v. Leading group of Education and the social liberties development: shortened release of From Jim Crow to common rightsâ : the Supreme Court and the battle for racial uniformity, Oxfordâ ; New Yorkâ : Oxford University Press, 2007 Chafe, William Henry (1980). Civilities and social liberties: Greensboro, North Carolina, and the Black battle for opportunity. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 81. ISBN 0-19-502625-X. â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€ [ 1 ]. J. A. Henretta, and D. Brody, America a Concise History, (Boston: Bedfords/St.Martin's, 2012), 828. [ 2 ]. Bruce Perry, The Last Speeches, (New York: Pathfinder, 1989)978-0-87348-543-2 (got to October 8, 2012), 165. [ 3 ]. Klarman, Mi chael J. ,Earthy colored v. Leading body of Education and the social liberties development: compressed release of From Jim Crow to common rightsâ : the Supreme Court and the battle for racial fairness, Oxfordâ ; New Yorkâ : Oxford University Press, 2007, p. 55 [ 4 ]. Scrape, William Henry (1980). Civilities and social equality: Greensboro, North Carolina, and the Black battle for opportunity. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 81. ISBN 0-19-502625-X.

According To Fair Work Commission Adopting †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Disclose On According To Fair Work Commission Adopting? Answer: Presentation The Better Off Overall Test is a system frequently embraced by the Fair Work Commission while choosing if to help a proposed adventure understanding. This test relies upon the significant present day award that covers any specialist made sure about by the proposed adventure statement as brought up by Clark, Taylor, and Oakes (2016, p. 67). As per Fair Work Commission (FWC) (2016), receiving the test suggests that each laborer respect and imminent respect made sure about agent must e splendidly positioned on the understanding restricted to how they may be the point at which the significant current world connects to them. The Better Off Overall Test is connected as a period for testing. This time is the point at which the applications for underwriting of attestation was made, application date was halted by Fair Work Commission. This paper analyzes and assesses the Better Off Overall Test with an attention on application just as its qualities and shortcomings. The paper finishes up by a ssessing viable proposals that can be embraced with the point of improving Better Off Overall Test. Any flexibility statement made under the relevant present day respect may not be considered for the explanations behind the Better Off Overall Test. In his investigation, Stevens (2017) additionally declares this is by virtue of it is normal that any plans made under the flexibility game plans in a current day respect would be considered in the organizing system. There is additionally a chance of surrounding some part of the attestation or orchestrated again under the flexibility term in the comprehension whenever certified. The test isn't associated with a line by line examination (FWC, 2017). It is a worldwide test that requirements thought of focal points and weights to give made sure about agents and approaching honor made sure about laborers. The inquiry introduced by BOOT isn't if each laborer is in a superior circumstance under the statement appeared differently in relation to the specific working activities given at that point. Nonetheless, on the off chance that they are und er perfect conditions by and large when the comprehension associates rather than significant present day award as expressed by Hannan (2016, p 3). The Better Off Overall Test applies in a similar way to all laborers secured by the recommended total attestation, including the individuals who may be responsible to significant compensation edges. In spite of the Test requiring each respect secured agent to be great, Fair Work Commission may acknowledge that each laborer inside an alloted gathering of laborers are in an ideal circumstance when the statement breezes over the Test whenever associated with the class. The articulation class of delegates is wanted to suggest a social occasion of laborers made sure about by the endeavor statement who share ordinary ascribes that enable them to be managed as a get-together when the Fair Work Commission applies the Better Off Overall Test (Clark, Taylor, and Oakes, 2016, p. 56). A case is the spot the delegates are in a comparative request, survey or business level, or worth comparable working models. The Better Off Overall Test licenses award conditions, yet not National Employment Standards' conditions to be traded off or stayed away from the length of the total remuneration just as points of interest gotten by the delegate surrender them best off finished if the conditions proceeded as in the past. The utilization of the Test as such requires the ID of the particulars of an understanding which are increasingly profitable to agents when appeared differently in relation to the appropriate present day award, and the details of a declaration which are less useful and a while later a general assessment of whether a laborer would be in a perfect circumstance under the comprehension. This test relies upon the significant present day award that spreads agents that will be secured by the proposed endeavor statement. It requests that each respect, made sure about specialist and each approaching honor tied down agent should be in an ideal circumstance concerning the comprehension than they may when the relevant current day gives them association. Desir (2017) likewise asserts that the BOOT licenses award conditions, be that as it may, not National Employment Standards (NES) conditions to be traded off or maintained a strategic distance from given the total pay and also benefits gotten by the specialist surrender them ideal off finished if the conditions proceeded as in the past. Use of BOOT The Fair Work Commission has ousted an application by HM to embrace their 2016 endeavor admission to the reason that it didn't satisfy the Better Off Overall Test. The decision, coordinated by agent president Geoffrey Bull on Monday, passes on a determination to an extended contradiction with respect to the attestation among HM and the Shop, Distributive and Allied Employees' Association and furthermore Josh Cullinan, who heads up the unregistered Retail and Fast Food Workers Union as brought up by Hannan, (2016) in her survey. According to the support application, an examination of 50 heedlessly picked accommodating projects by the SDA found that two out of 50 specialists were terrible off diverged from the respect under the comprehension. The central cases made by the SDA related to the nonattendance of an extra time arrangement in the comprehension and the limit of HM to program laborers on every Sunday, however the respect gives that a generally outrageous of three Sundays in four may be enrolled. The SDA raised further stresses over deficient break times, and working hours being discovered the center estimation of to ensure that delegates weren't being made a solicitation to go after weekday evening times and parts of the bargains on numerous occasions as indicated by the contention introduced by Marin-Guzman (2017, p 4). Cullinan battled that the loss of discipline rates on weeknights and Saturdays and a lower discipline rate on Sunday leaves various workers more lamentable off than the respect. According to Cullinan, any non-agreeable laborer working more than 60 for every penny of their hours after 6 pm on a weekday or Saturday would be more deplorable off than the respect under the statement. As needs be, HM introduced that the seeing left salaried agents more joyful general since it obliged them to ensure least compensation rates for all hours worked met the respect and fused additional points of interest, for instance, longer breaks, parental leave, volunteer leave and extended notification of end. Then again, Marin-Guzman (2017) brings up that HM moreover had a recommendation that their specific inside examination demonstrated that the most shocking pace of hours worked by a delegate on parts of the bargains was 51.9 for every penny. SDA national secretary Gerard Dwyer conveyed his energy for reviving exchanges with HM in the establishment of another understanding dependent on the perspectives on Clark, Taylor Oakes (2016). The SDA presently searches for the opportunity to orchestrate a simultaneousness with HM that contains sensible compensation and working conditions and follows the conditions of the FWC's BOOT test. Australian Retailers Association supervisor Russel l Zimmerman didn't want to comment on singular cases but instead uncovered to Inside Retail that conditions are accomplishing a point where Australian retailers are with the view that it is frequently difficult to match their accomplices in the US and UK. Zimmerman showed the examples in government try managing report released in Q1 2016, which found that in 2013, there were 1,248 retail adventure understandings appeared differently in relation to only 263 of every 2016. Qualities and Weaknesses of BOOT For managers, the Better Off Overall Test can give a considerably less troublesome system to remunerating its agents when appeared differently in relation to the exacting utilization of the relevant present day award. In various workplaces, there is more than one respect that applies to its delegates, anyway even where there isn't the situation the comprehension and utilization of a current day respect can be incredible and dull for managers as expressed by Fair Work Commission (FWC) (2017). A Better Off Overall Test can smooth out this technique by joining extra time, discipline rates, rewards and other respect capabilities into a base rate payable to laborers as demonstrated by their gathering level under the respect. It in like manner infers that for each new agent you frequently give them a copy of the Better Off Overall Test, and there is no prerequisite for an individual business contract. The game plan of a Better Off Overall Test allows to tailor the agree to the specific needs of the business. This strategy furthermore ensures straightforwardness and results in statement between the social occasions as for what's available for one another. In a vital survey, Low (2017) indicates that there is similarly confirmation from mechanical action in the midst of the apparent presence of the Better Off Overall Test. For laborers, there is an affirmation that the particulars of the Better Off Overall Test set them in a spot that is In a perfect circumstance Overall than if they were paid completely according to the huge present day award. Sensible Work Australia won't favor a Better Off Overall Test except if the BOOT is satisfied, which places the laborer in an unrivaled position in like manner of the Better Off Overall Test. In his examination, Angwin (2017) brings up that, the wheeling and dealing methodology of a Better Off Overall Test in like manner allows laborers to jo in and to out and out arrangement on the standing of the declaration, normally with the upside of association depiction. This can be significantly more exceptional procedure than an individual delegate trying to mastermind terms one on one with the business. What are the shortcomings of a Better Off Overall Test? For supervisors, the guideline damage is the time and cost required to mastermind the Better Off Overall Test and to encounter the underwriting methodology with Fair Work Australia. There is a severe technique and period that must be taken after and any powerlessness to take after th

How to Write a Film Analysis Essay

How to Write a Film Analysis Essay Film Analysis Essay: From Draft to Masterpiece! Home›Education Posts›Film Analysis Essay: From Draft to Masterpiece! Education PostsThe topic of our discussion is dedicated to one of the types of essays called analytical. Judging from its name, it is logical to assume that the main principals of working on the analytical essay will include the process of analysis, examination, division, highlighting, segmentation, putting emphasis, selection, and argumentation. To cope with writing the analytical essay assignment, you are free to surf the Internet and have a look at the variety of analytical essay  example created with educational aim. However, to understand the nature of the analytical essay, one has to dig deeper and be able to distinguish and be aware of all the peculiarities of researching, analyzing, writing, and proofreading of exactly this kind of essay.How to Craft an Analytical EssayAs far as writing an analytical essay anticipates a thorough observation and informative lay out of a specific topic, point, opinion, or idea, make sure you understood a task assigned by your professor and know the direction you have to follow. Why is it important? Because depending on the task, you will have to follow the objective of rhetorical analysis, which is to focus on the text itself and discuss the parts of it in a way you explain the interaction between an author and an audience; literary analysis, which explains the influence of characters, settings, plot, and etc. on the meaning a literary work in general; process analysis, which is aimed to improve the understanding of how something operates or provide a step-by-step explanation of how something works or is done; character analysis, which is to show transformations of the main characters and discuss the reasons that led to the improvement or personal breakdown of the analyzed personality; poetry analysis, used to identify the meaning of a poem researching its content, characters, structure, and historical background; causal analysis, which requires giving the answer to the question “Why?” providing the real reasons why something happens.As it was already mentioned, understanding your task is the keystone to success of your analytical essay. Realizing the purpose of your writing assignment, you automatically know the scheme of the essay you’ll have to follow. Although, in case a professor allows you to choose a topic on your own, there is an ample choice between different kinds of analytical essays represented and explained above.So, as you’ve guessed, we are coming closer to one more important stage of working on an analytical essay, which is a prewriting stage.It consists of 4 basic steps, in particular, choosing a topic, crafting a gripping title, investigating a topic, and creating an outline:Choosing a topicIn case your professor didn’t limit your imagination with a topic for an analytical essay that he or she would prefer to read, then it is up to you to decide which one to choose. In order to cope with this task at your best, we recommend you pick up an issue you are really keen on. It would be unwise to challenge yourself with a topic you can barely understand and struggle to comprehend it while there are other topics you are good at. Use the method of brainstorm to remind yourself what you are interested in and what brings you joy. You’ll be surprised to reveal the hidden sides of your interests.Crafting a gripping titleIt is the next step in our writing an analytical essay journey. The title plays an important role in attracting the reader’s attention as serves as an introductory element. Exactly the title of your analytical essay makes that first good or bad impression on an audience. Try hard not to spoil it.Investigating a topicInvestigating a topic is a meticulous process of selection, analysis, and ordination of your thought in a logical, chronological, or any other order. Make sure you’ve examined enough resources and have gather ed more than enough strong arguments for your content.Creating an outline in comparison with other prewriting steps of working on an analytical essay consists of sub-steps which prepare and bring a student closer to the writing process. The outline of an analytical essay won’t impress you with its “uniqueness” as its skeleton is pretty much the same as the rest of outlines you’ve dealt with in your life. It includes the introduction part, the main body paragraphs, and the conclusion.In your analytical essay your aim is to prove your standpoint and, preferably, make a reader agree with you. For this reason, your introductory paragraph has to contain some background information which: introduces your topic, smoothly narrows it down to the key points you want to discuss, and thesis statement with the help of which you provocatively claim your view and inform/prepare a reader for the further discussions. Schematically, your introduction will look like this: hook sentence â€" tra nsition sentence â€" thesis statement.Speaking about the main body part, it also has its own scheme. First of all, start each your paragraph with a topic sentence which will introduce and highlight the key point of what you want to tell. Provide and analyze the evidence that explains the importance of your topic sentence and supports your thesis statement with the help of reliable sources of information. Make a small conclusion in order to summarize and emphasize the main idea of the paragraph. Here is an approximate scheme of your body paragraph that will repeat according to the number of paragraphs of your main body part: topic sentence â€" analysis â€" evidence â€" concluding sentence.Stuff your conclusion part with three or four sentences that restate, paraphrase, and summarize your thesis statement and key ideas of the main body paragraphs. Spice up your conclusion with a general tip or a good piece of advice. If you still find it difficult to arrange you outline according to t he schemes suggested above, you can always turn for help to analytical essay example on our site Order-Essays.com available on the Internet.If you are still reading, congratulation then! You proceed to the next stage of working on an analytical essay assignment. If you’ve followed all the tips described in the prewriting stage, you are in the homestretch. What you need to do is to stick to your outline and express your thoughts on paper. Try building consistent, logical transitions from one part to another, from one paragraph to the following, and from one sentence to the proceeding. Avoid retelling the plot of a book or a movie; instead, state arguments and support them with solid examples, bright quotations, and brief summaries made on the basis of your investigations of the topic. Complete you analytical essay in MLA style paying attention to the amount of pages that shouldn’t exceed 4 full pages.Finally, finish working on your analytical essay proofreading and editing its te xt according to certain criteria, which are the usage of appropriate vocabulary, grammar check, consistence of paragraphs, and text as a whole, correct formation of complex and compound sentences, spelling mistakes, etc.As soon as your final draft is ready, your following steps are:To print an analytical essay outMake it your habit to print out your work every time you need to check it. Changing a form of perception of what is written from “on the screen” version or hand-written into printed one will help you to evaluate your analytical essay more accurately as well as to notice and correct the undesired mistakes.Read your essay aloudIn case you are not restricted in time and can edit your essay without a rush, then, take a deep breath and try reading your essay out loud. For some people, it is the best way to detect mistakes and change all the strange, misused sentence structures, phrases, and words. Does the text flow easily? Aren’t sentences too entangled? Are the paragraph s logical or there’re some content gaps? Cut, chop, change, insert, correct, replace! In a nutshell, do everything what is necessary to make your essay superb.Turn for help to essay editing servicesEvery time you hesitate and feel the urgent need to consult with someone else, you can always opt for turning for help to essay editing services where professional editors and writers provide their clients with plagiarism search editing service, grammar and spelling check, punctuation, formatting, coherence, clarity, and logic of the text.To craft an outstanding analytical essay, a great, time-consuming and effortful job has to be fulfilled. Beginning with defining the type of your future analytical essay, it is necessary to research and prepare a sufficient amount of arguments, so you have what to discuss in your supporting paragraphs. Move further working on an outline, coming up with the text, and polishing your drafts till the moment they become a pure masterpiece. Don’t be scared of the huge amount of work you need to complete! Nothing could be compared with that great feeling of holding in your hands the finished analytical essay, which after all the done work, deserves to be graded accordingly!CINEMA AS AN ART FORMCinema is primarily a visual art, so the film develops our sensitive culture. The movie should be watched and listened to, and the book should be read. The film becomes a mighty competitor of the book. Modern young people prefer watching movies and television more than reading books.A film is a fictional story of the thoughts and actions of individuals, a complete whole, a certain unity. The action in it must begin, develop, and be completed during one and a half to two hours. The movie is cut off from real life by screen unity of actions because it is clear to everyone that the natural course of events is always different. In real life, nothing begins at the appointed hour, and nothing comes to an end by a certain time. Therefore, many films ha ve a so-called open finale- the audience, relying on the fantasy, has to think out what will happen to the characters in the future. Largely, any movie has an open finale, because people can see only an episode (or several ones) from the characters lives. Consequently, something will happen to them beyond the framework of the final picture.HOW TO WRITE A FILM CRITIQUE ESSAYTo learn how to analyze a film, one should understand the specifics of aesthetic perception. The goal of artistic perception is to comprehend the model of reality that the author of the work created. The aesthetic perception of a work of art is a reflection of it in the consciousness of a human.Some viewers are watching movies, hoping to learn something new as much as possible, and to improve their erudition; other people do it just for pleasure because of boredom. Cinema was not invented to deprive people of their independence, to offer people cheap deception and fake instead of real life. On the contrary, films are valuable only when they serve as the knowledge of life. Watching a movie is just an excuse to focus on a problem.The truth is expressed differently in cinema than in science, where it must be free from the personal traits of a scientist. The authors elements are present in the works of creative nature, such as his or her opinion, attitudes, and views. The film captures both objective reality and its reflection in the mind of the author. The subject of cinema is a person but considered subjectively. The consequence of this process is a certain set of relationships between the character and the author. It is necessary to analyze these aspects in your essay.THE ROLE OF THE DIRECTOR IN THE FILMOne of the objectives of the analysis of the film is identifying and feeling a complex aesthetic concept â€" the author. At first glance, this is a person who is in the same coordinate system as we, the public, in reality. Consequently, he or she is out of the film, out of screen reality with its fictional circumstances, the place and time of action, outside the composed actors. At the same time, he or she is there, his or her personality is palpable in the work he or she created. The director is associated with a specific feature of artistic creativity. Such subjectivity, when the author does not disguise his or her presence in the film, is called autobiographical. Explore what special, authors features the director used in the movie. Watch other pictures of this director and find common features between them.THE WORK OF THE OPERATOR AND ACTORSThe play of actors and work of the operator are among the most important elements of the film. The success of the picture depends on the skill of these people. Analyze the features of acting and work of operators. Pay attention to the scenery, music, and special effects; they help to create a special atmosphere on the movie set and the screen.INTERPRETATION OF THE MOVIEThe same film can be interpreted differently. The reception of the movie is very important for understanding how to write a film critique essay. The aesthetic perception of the artwork also depends on the public itself since it is organically connected with the artistic mastering of reality by the subject, with the complex process of reflecting the world in mind.The aesthetic perception is influenced by the following factors:the era, the time when the perception of a work of art occurs;material living conditions;the dominant worldview;the subjective refraction of a work of art; moral standards of society;different abilities of an individual to perceive sound, colors, shape, etc.;national identity, geographical environment;age, education, etc.Modern reality cannot be imagined outside the media (press, radio, TV, cinema, video, social networks, etc.). Cinema plays a special role in our life because it applies not only to the media but also to art. The dual nature characterizes the film: It is at the same time a means of mass communication and a work of art.Learn these recommendations to understand how to write a film analysis essay and improve your grades!

Relationship Between Mass And Acceleration - 1419 Words

Hypothesis: In the world of force, when Physicists are talking about apply forces, the relationship between mass and acceleration has been attractive for long. Although Sir Isaac Newton has already solved this problem centuries ago, it is still crucial to perform an experiment to prove this relationship to enhance one’s understanding in force. In order to pursue accuracy and objection in the lab, one assumes that he has no knowledge about Newton’s Second Law. Begins from daily life, it is a common phenomena that an object needs more people to push to make a move. Based on this observation, one supposes that there is a relationship exists between the mass of an object and the acceleration of it. To be more specifical, when an object is†¦show more content†¦Release the cart from the start line, use the timer to record the time it took to reach the end of the table. Time was recorded. Step 5 was repeated for two more times. Average time was calculated The 50g object was removed from the string while a mass of 150g object was tied to it. After removed all the mass from the cart, a mass of 100g was placed on it. Step 5 to 7 were repeated. The 150g object was removed from the string while a mass of 250g was replaced to the string. Removed all the mass from the cart. Step 5 to 7 were repeated. Part B: The pulley was fixed on the edge of the table, the string was tied to the cart and it was connected to the pulley. The height of the table was tested, based on the data, a start line was determined. A 100g object was tied to the string. A 50g object was placed on the cart. Released the cart from the start line and the travelling time was recorded. Repeat Step 5 for two times, times were recorded. Average time was calculated. Replace the mass on the cart with a mass of 100g. Step 5 to 7 were repeated. Replace the mass on the cart with a mass of 150g. Step 5 to 7 were repeated. Data: Part A Total Mass(g) Hanging Mass(g) Cart Mass(g)* Distance(m) Time(s)** 350 50 300 0.75 1.47 350 150 200 0.75 0.69 350 250 100 0.75 0.49 Part B Total Mass(g) Hanging Mass(g) Cart Mass(g)* Distance(m) Time(s)** 250 100 150 0.75 0.69 300 100 200 0.75 0.80 350 100 250 0.75Show MoreRelatedRelationship between Mass, Force and Acceleration: A Scientific Experiment2701 Words   |  11 Pagesï » ¿Open-ended Investigation (mass and force) Aim: To show the relationship between Mass, the force acting on it, and acceleration by gathering data through investigations. Hypothesis: As Mass increases, Acceleration Decreases. Therefore, Acceleration is inversely proportional to mass. Introduction A force is a push or pull acting upon an object, as a result of its interaction with another object. In a state of motion, an object experiences different forces which influences its movement. There are manyRead MoreNewtons Second Law - Practical Report: To determine the relationship between force, mass and acceleration845 Words   |  4 Pagesforce, mass and acceleration, and examine their influence on motion. b: To investigate the relationship between the variables; mass, force and acceleration and determine an inertial mass through the use of a trolley, ticker-timer and set of slotted masses. Introduction: Newton s second law states The acceleration of an object as produced by a net force is directly proportional to the magnitude of the net force, in the same direction as the net force, and inversely proportional to the mass of theRead MoreNewton s 2nd Law : The Physics Of Physics982 Words   |  4 Pagessuch that it can determine the acceleration of an object based on its mass and the net force applied to the object. In this experiment, a glider was used to calculate the acceleration based on the hanging mass applied in the system. The goals of the experiment consisted of observing the relationship between acceleration and the applied force on an object which is represented in the experiment through the acceleration of the glider based on the amount of vertical mass. Concepts behind Newton s 2ndRead MoreAtwoo968 Words   |  4 PagesObjective: We will determine the acceleration of the weights of an Atwood’s Machine, both experimentally and theoretically. We will attempt to verify Newton’s Second law which is a mathematical statement relating force, mass, and acceleration.   Newton’s Second law states that acceleration, a, is directly related to net force, F, and inversely related to mass, m. Naturally this give F=ma.   Using the Atwood’s Machine experimental acceleration data (for 10 different runs with 10 different combinationsRead MoreNewton s Second Law Of Motion772 Words   |  4 Pagesvelocity, and acceleration known as Logger Pro, and a single 250 gram weight placed on the cart. The measurements for the length and height of the ramp were measured in meters, while the time it took the cart to travel down the ramp was measured in seconds. The purpose of using the two separate weights is to display the relationship between mass and acceleration when the frictionless cart is released at t he top of the declined ramp. When mass is applied to an object, its acceleration is decreasedRead MoreNewton s Second Law And The Relationship1174 Words   |  5 PagesNewton’s second law and the relationships between: Force and Acceleration, and Mass and Acceleration. Newton’s Second Law states that any object that experiences a net or unbalanced force will undergo acceleration. Newton s second law of motion describes the relationship between force and acceleration. If you increase the force applied to an object, the acceleration of that object increases by the same factor. For Mass and Acceleration the net force on an object is equal to the mass of the object multipliedRead MoreNewtons Second Law Experiment1063 Words   |  5 PagesAlso, what does the mass of the cart have to do with how the motion changes? We know that it takes a much harder push to get a heavy cart moving than a lighter one. A Force Sensor and an Accelerometer will let you measure the force on a cart simultaneously with the cart’s acceleration. The total mass of the cart is easy to vary by adding masses. Using these tools, you can determine how the net force on the cart, its mass, and its acceleration are related. This relationship is Newton’s second lawRead MoreThe Physics Of Physics : Physics1053 Words   |  5 Pagesdistance and speed components coming to play. The amount of materials used to make the car has a definite influence in the car’s mass, likewise effecting the acceleration. How smoothly the wheels coincide with the floor will depict the amount of friction being created which as well connects back to acceleration. Physics endeavors those key elements therefore creating a relationship with this lab. Having said this, the basis of this lab reflects the very fundamentals physics is based on. Physics has multipleRead MoreBiography Of Isaac Newton s Three Laws Of Motion1003 Words   |  5 PagesGalileo Galilei died. Galileo’s work helped to influence or set the stage for the development and creation of Newton’s three laws. Newton’s three laws of motion consists of the first law which is the concepts of inertia, second law which is relating acceleration to its cause and lastly the third law which is action and reaction. The laws of motion were interpreted in the most famous and influential book of all time called, â€Å"Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica† created by Newton in 1687. The bookRead MoreAnalysis Of Newton s Second Law1371 Words   |  6 PagesInstructor Date of Submission Experiment #4: Newton’s Second Law Abstract The objectives of this lab were to: 1) investigate the acceleration of a puck yielding different values of force; 2) explore how equal forces accelerate different masses; and 3) explore the relationship between acceleration, mass, and force in accordance with Newton’s Second Law. The acceleration of frictionless systems due to gravity was compared for each object. The equipment used in this lab include a string, an air table

What I Can Offer Your University Essay - 604 Words

What I Can Offer Your University Shakespeare once said, We know what we are, but know not what we may be. While I do not know what my future holds or how I will spend the bulk of my adult life, I know that only education will give me the opportunity to detect my interests and enrich my soul. I believe the University will provide me with the perfect atmosphere for bettering my life and my creative abilities. One of the most important factors that I look for in a college is a low student-to-teacher ratio and an accessible faculty willing to work with students. I believe faculty accessibility plays a key role in helping to inspire students to be passionate about their fields of study and in preventing them from growing†¦show more content†¦I also look for a breadth of program offerings in a potential college. Since I am not completely certain what field I will pursue, I need a college with a wide array of majors, but most of all, I need a college with excellent departments in the areas I am seriously considering majoring in. I am very interested in psychology, and for the next three months, I will be volunteering at the Dylan Child Study Center in Brooklyn, New York. There, I will be able to learn and gain a better understanding of what the job of a child psychologist entails. From this experience, I hope to gauge my interests in psychology. Since I have dreamt of becoming a psych ologist since childhood, I am optimistic that I will major in psychology at University. After asking many questions pertaining to the reputation and excellence of the psychology program at a recent University open house, I found that the school has a strong psychology program and would provide me with an excellent background with which to pursue a further degree. In addition to my interests in psychology, I will bring my background in swimming to the University. For as long as I can remember, swimming has been a big part of my life, and I have been swimming competitively for over eight years. I plan to continue swimming during my college years. When I toured University?s new sports complex, I was thoroughly impressed by the magnificent Olympic-sized pool. After speaking with the swim coach, IShow MoreRelatedThe History and Reputation of DeVry University1553 Words   |  6 PagesDeVry University was original opened in 1931 in Chicago when Dr. Herman DeVry established DeForest Training school which was to prepare students for technical work involving of electronics, motion pictures, radio and later came of television. In 1957 the first associate degree in electronics engineering technology was being offered to students. It officially became DeVry Institute in 2002 with enrollment of 80,000+ in both graduate and undergraduate students. Accord ing to the University there haveRead MoreQuestions For Study In Australia1099 Words   |  5 Pagesdetails of your family who will be remaining home during your study in Australia. Ans: My mother and my step mother will stay at home during my studies in Australia. My mother is the owner of Amaze boutique. And my step mother gets the pension of my father. Ques: Your work letter submitted during application is dated in March 2017. Please explain what you have done since then up to the date of your course commencement. Please provide documented evidence to support your answer. Ans: I applied myRead MoreWhy Do I Want To College Essay752 Words   |  4 PagesSince the first time I received information from the University of Chicago in the fall of 2015, I have been intrigued and pulled towards the campus and its prized alumni. More recently, after a visit to the campus during the fall Open House, I find myself drawn to what this beautiful campus has to offer in all sectors of society, community, aid, diversity, and its many intellectual opportunities. My entire desire to attend the University of Chicago has been building from year to year into a greaterRead MoreWhat Is A Civil Engineer?1500 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is a civil engineer? I chose this topic because I don’t really know that much about this profession and I thought it would be interesting to learn more about it. Civil engineers design, build, supervise, operate, and maintain construction projects and systems in the public and private sector. Some of these things include roads, building s, airports, tunnels, dams, bridges and systems for water supply and sewage treatments. As a civil engineer, you could help build a school that could withstandRead MoreThe University Of Albany Is State University Which Is Located1398 Words   |  6 PagesThe University of Albany is State University which is located in Albany, New York. This university offers many different majors and programs. The University has many sports for both men and women besides the sports there are clubs anyone from the school can join. It offers a big campus where most of its activities and events. In this Essay I will discuss information about Albany and why I choose it as my college. The University of Albany founded on1844, as a normal school. It trained teachersRead MoreCollege Choices In Nursing Education1319 Words   |  6 PagesUniversity of Louisville, Indiana University Southeast, and Ivy Tech. Three colleges, multiple factors, but only one decision to make. Have you thought about where you want to go to college at or what you want to be after high school? All three of college choices offer some type of nursing program in which is in the desired career choice. To go in and go straight through college and get the exact degree someone wants and to not have to continue to go back to college time after time to finish withRead More Studying Abroad Essay1593 Words   |  7 Pagesever thought about studying abroad? No, not just for a few months for your work-experience, but a whole year (or longer) as a transfer-student. Of course, you don’t make such a decision from one minute to the next. It needs to be thought over well. Going to college is a big change in your life because it usually means living on your own for the first time, but as a foreign student it is even a bigger change because you are on your own in another country. This is often the greatest concern for studentsRead MoreWhy I Choose It As My College1391 Words   |  6 PagesThe University of Albany is State University, which is located in Albany, New York. This univer sity offers many different majors and programs. The University has many sports for both men and women besides the sports there are clubs anyone from the school can join. It offers a big campus where most of its activities and events. In this Essay I will discuss information about Albany and why I choose it as my college. The University of Albany founded on1844, as a normal school. It trained teachersRead MoreHigh School and Four-year College1282 Words   |  6 Pages1. How would you describe the quality of your high schools educational resources (such as teachers, counselors, assistance with course selection and college admission planning, books, facilities, size and location)? Faculty often discouraged students to have curriculum that they deem to competitive. Red Bluff High is the only local public school in the area. The teacher to student ratio is about a 30 students to one teacher. Too many of the students are dropping out well before high school graduationRead MoreIt Should Not Be Compulsory For Everyone At Attend University967 Words   |  4 Pagesattend University. For some of us, acquiring a university level education is the key to pursuing a successful career, whilst for others, it serves no useful purposes towards life whatsoever. It goes without saying: we all come from different walks of life, and in many circumstances, university education isn’t a necessity for living a pleasurable and prosperous life. So with this being said, shouldn’t we have the right to decide whether or not we want to further our education and attend university? The

Jules Winnfield and Vincent Vega Free Essays

The first scene that will be analysed is the one where Jules Winnfield and Vincent Vega are going to fulfil their duties as gangsters (0:06:45-0:20:12). The scene shows how normal it is for the main characters to have a job as gangsters and kill people on command of their boss. While watching it, the viewer has the impression that the world in the film is absurd, but it is a perfect example of a social satire. We will write a custom essay sample on Jules Winnfield and Vincent Vega or any similar topic only for you Order Now The main characters live in a world full of violence, drugs, but they find themselves perfectly suitable in it. Also, the verbal humour has a crucial role here; lots of comical ornaments of the speech, curses, irony and sarcasm create the whole background of this environment. Basing on the benign-violation theory, the whole scene evokes amusement, because characters present quite controversial behaviour. For the purpose of the forthcoming analysis, the scene will be divided into three parts:1) Jules and Vincent’s dialogue in the car (0:06:45-0:08:43); 2) The conversation about the foot massage (0:08:43-0:13:46)3) The score of gangsters and debtors (0:13:46-0:20:12). As the first part of the scene begins, Jules and Vincent drive a car and the main focus here is on the dialogue between the characters; they talk mostly about Vincent’s journey to Europe. He mentions many cultural differences: the policies of hash bars, the law of policemen, beer in cinemas, or mayonnaise on fries in Holland, how a Quarter-Pounder with cheese is called a Royale with cheese in France. At this point, the viewer has no idea where the main characters are driving or what the purpose of their mission is. It can be only assumed that they are partners and that the circumstances are quite amusing, because they seem serious, but their conversation is completely ridiculous. This contrast is highly intriguing and introduces the viewer to the world full of absurd. How to cite Jules Winnfield and Vincent Vega, Papers

The Leopard Shark Essays - Carcharhinidae, Shark, Leopard Shark

The Leopard Shark Leopard Shark (Triakis semifascicata) Family Carcharhinidae (requiem sharks). Order Chiamydoselachiformes The Leopard Shark (Triakis semifascicata) is in the Family of Carcharhinidaes (requiem sharks). Carcharhinidaes are the largest family of sharks in numbers. This family consists of bull sharks, sandbar sharks, tiger sharks, great blue sharks and more. The Leopard shark (Triakis semifascicata) grow to 7 feet and are heavily marked with black crossbars and blotches. Their teeth are short, broad and triangular shaped. The Leopard sharks (Triakis semifascicata) are active, fast sharks. They are nomadic, schooling sharks that roam inshore sand flats and rocky areas. They are known to feed on soles, bivalves, crustaceans, and other small bottom dwelling fish. Sharks have been around for 400 million years and out of that 400 million years about 100 million years the sharks and their close relatives have been closely unchanged in appearance. There are about 900 species of sharks and their close relatives. There are about 400 species of sharks and more are been found and added to the list. What makes a shark a shark? First it's skeleton is made of cartilage, which is lighter, tougher, and more flexible than bone. The most noticeable difference is its teeth. They're jaw is lined with teeth, acting as a conveyor belt with new teeth replacing the old, broken and lost teeth. As a matter of fact their entire body is covered in tiny tooth-like scales called dermal denticles, which, unlike those of bony fish, do not enlarge while the animal is growing larger. Another difference is that fertilization takes place inside the female with 1 of the2 claspers inserted into her. The males use the claspers to inject the semen into her. The claspers are extensions of the pectoral fins. Unlike bony fishes, which usually spawn in great masses of tiny, immature young, most sharks produce large, well-developed offspring numbering, at the most, 100 to a litter. Most sharks are ovoviviparous, hatching the eggs within the female and bearing live young. Some sharks are oviparous, however, laying their eggs externally. The eggs are often encased in leathery shells with tendrils that anchor them to rocks or seaweed. Others species of sharks are viviparous. Which means the yolk sac becomes a yolk placenta in the folds of the uterine wall and gives nutrients to the embryo. Embry onic development takes more than six months. The young are frequently born in protected closer to shore areas away from the males. Sharks commonly fast for long periods during the breeding season and live on the vast reserves of lipids stored in their livers. This helps the sharks survive because it decreases cannibalism from the mother. The shark's tail is asymmetrical, with the vertebral column extended into the upper lobe. The fins and tails of sharks are rigid. Going against the popular image, the dorsal fins rarely project above water when the fish are close to the surface. They have strong digestive enzymes and a specialized epithelial fold that spirals the length of the small intestine, enabling the fishes to absorb a great diversity of foods. Sharks, to a large extent, are scavengers, eating injured fish, garbage, and other waste from ships as well as animals such as seals, turtles, birds, whales, crabs, and a wide range of fishes. The most interesting difference is called t he Ampoules of Lorenzini, which detect faint electrical currents from other fish. All living things generate electrical fields due to the contracting of muscles and sharks have adapted to being able to use this as an advantage to find prey. Sharks have a very excellent sense of smell. They are able to detect small substances, such as blood in water and trace them to their source. Their sense of sigh allows the shark to catch dim movements of shadow and light in dark waters as it approaches its prey. Sharks are particularly sensitive to sounds of low frequency and have fine directional hearing. Organs along their lateral lines and on the snout enable sharks to pick up weak electrical stimuli from the muscle contractions of bony fish. Their combination of keen senses accounts for the evolutionary success of sharks. The sharks also do not obtain a swim bladder, so they seem to be in constant motion.

INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINE Essays - Piston Engines, Free Essays

INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINE Essays - Piston Engines, Free Essays INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINE INTRODUCTION Internal Combustion Engine, a heat engine in which the fuel is burned ( that is, united with oxygen ) within the confining space of the engine itself. This burning process releases large amounts of energy, which are transformed into work through the mechanism of the engine. This type of engine different from the steam engine, which process with an external combustion engine that fuel burned apart from the engine. The principal types of internal combustion engine are : reciprocating engine such as Otto-engine, and Diesel engines ; and rotary engines, such as the Wankel engine and the Gas-turbine engine. In general, the internal combustion engine has become the means of propulsion in the transportation field, with the exception of large ships requiring over 4,000 shaft horsepower ( hp). In stationary applications, size of unit and local factor often determine the choice between the use of steam and diesel engine. Diesel power plants have a distinct economic advantage over steam engine when size of the plant is under about 1,000 hp. However there are many diesel engine plants much large than this. Internal combustion engines are particularly appropriate for seasonal industries, because of the small standby losses with these engines during the shutdown period. History The first experimental internal combustion engine was made by a Dutch astronomer, Christian Huygens, who, in 1680, applied a principle advanced by Jean de Hautefeuille in 1678 for drawing water. This principle was based on the fact that the explosion of a small amount of gunpowder in a closed chamber provided with escape valves would create a vacuum when the gases of combustion cooled. Huygens, using a cylinder containing a piston, was able to move it in this manner by the external atmospheric pressure. The first commercially practical internal combustion engine was built by a French engineer, ( Jean Joseph ) Etienne Lenoir, about 1859-1860. It used illuminating gas as fuel. Two years later, Alphonse Beau de Rochas enunciated the principles of the four-stroke cycle, but Nickolaus August Otto built the first successful engine ( 1876 ) operating on this principle. Reciprocating Engine Components of Engines The essential parts of Otto-cycle and diesel engines are the same. The combustion chamber consists of a cylinder, usually fixed, which is closed at one end and in which a close-fitting piston slides. The in-and-out motion of the piston varies the volume of the chamber between the inner face of the piston and the closed end of the cylinder. The outer face of the piston is attached to a crankshaft by a connecting rod. The crankshaft transforms the reciprocating motion of the piston into rotary motion. In multi-cylindered engines the crankshaft has one offset portion, called a crankpin, for each connecting rod, so that the power from each cylinder is applied to the crankshaft at the appropriate point in its rotation. Crankshafts have heavy flywheels and counterweights, which by their inertia minimize irregularity in the motion of the shaft. An engine may have from 1 to as many as 28 cylinders. Fig. 1, Component of Piston Engines. The fuel supply system of an internal-combustion engine consists of a tank, a fuel pump, and a device for vaporizing or atomizing the liquid fuel. In Otto-cycle engines this device is a carburetor. The vaporized fuel in most multi-cylindered engines is conveyed to the cylinders through a branched pipe called the intake manifold and, in many engines, a similar exhaust manifold is provided to carry off the gases produced by combustion. The fuel is admitted to each cylinder and the waste gases exhausted through mechanically operated poppet valves or sleeve valves. The valves are normally held closed by the pressure of springs and are opened at the proper time during the operating cycle by cams on a rotating camshaft that is geared to the crankshaft . By the 1980s more sophisticated fuel-injection systems, also used in diesel engines, had largely replaced this traditional method of supplying the proper mix of air and fuel; computer-controlled monitoring systems improved fu! el economy and reduced pollution. Ignition In all engines some means of igniting the fuel in the cylinder must be provided. For example, the ignition system of Otto-cycle engines , the mixture of air and gasoline vapor delivered to the cylinder from the carburetor

Habits and Traits of the Ant Family

Habits and Traits of the Ant Family Ask any insect enthusiast how they became so interested in bugs, and hell probably mention childhood hours spent watching ants. Theres something fascinating about social insects, especially ones as diverse and evolved as the ants, the family Formicidae. Description Its easy to recognize ants, with narrow waists, bulbous abdomens, and elbowed antennae. In most cases, when you observe ants you are only seeing the workers, all of which are female. Ants live underground, in dead wood, or sometimes in plant cavities. Most ants are black, brown, tan, or red. All ants are social insects. With few exceptions, ant colonies divide labor between sterile workers, queens, and male reproductives, called alates. Winged queens and males fly in swarms to mate. Once mated, queens lose their wings and establish a new nest site; males die. Workers tend to the colonys offspring, even rescuing the pupae should the nest be disturbed. The all-female workforce also gathers food, constructs the nest, and keeps the colony clean. Ants perform important tasks in the ecosystems where they live. Formicids turn and aerate the soil, disperse seeds, and aid in pollination. Some ants defend their plant partners from attacks by herbivores. Classification Kingdom – AnimaliaPhylum – ArthropodaClass – InsectaOrder – HymenopteraFamily – Formicidae Diet Feeding habits vary in the ant family. Most ants prey on small insects or scavenge bits of dead organisms. Many also feed on nectar or honeydew, the sweet substance left behind by aphids. Some ants actually garden, using gathered leaf bits to grow fungus in their nests. Life Cycle The complete metamorphosis of an ant may take from 6 weeks to 2 months. Fertilized eggs always produce females, while unfertilized eggs yield males. The queen can control the sex of her offspring by selectively fertilizing the eggs with sperm, which she stores after a single mating period. White, legless larvae hatch from eggs, completely dependent on worker ants for their care. The workers feed the larvae with regurgitated food. In some species, pupae look like colorless, immobile adults. In others, pupae spin a cocoon. New adults may take several days to darken into their final color. Special Adaptions and Defenses Ants employ a fascinating variety of behaviors to communicate and defend their colonies. Leafcutter ants cultivate a bacteria with antibiotic properties to keep unwanted fungi from growing in their nests. Others tend aphids, milking them to harvest sweet honeydew. Some ants use a modified ovipositor to sting, like their wasp cousins. Some ants function as little chemical factories. Ants of the genus Formica use a special abdominal gland to produce formic acid, an irritating substance they can squirt as they bite. Bullet ants inject a strong nerve toxin when they sting. Many ants take advantage of other species. Slave-making ant queens invade colonies of other ant species, killing the resident queens and enslaving her workers. Thief ants raid neighbor colonies, stealing food and even young. Range and Distribution Ants thrive throughout the world, living everywhere except Antarctica, Greenland, Iceland, and a few isolated islands. Most ants live underground or in dead or decaying wood. Scientists describe nearly 9,000 unique species of Formicids; almost 500 ant species inhabit North America. Sources Insects: Their Natural History and Diversity, by Stephen A. MarshallAnt Information, University of ArizonaFormicidae: Information, Animal Diversity Web

Critique Two Articles 0.5 page each Research Paper

Critique Two Articles 0.5 page each - Research Paper Example This research has been conducted in Eastern cities of the US and hence it is limited to the people of that area. The results in Western cities of the US may turn out to be different than that of results of Easter cities of the US. This article is about behavioral counseling to promote a healthful diet and physical activity for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in adults with Cardiovascular Risk Factors. Published in 2014 in Annals of Internal Medicine, this article is recommendation statement of U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. The writer Michael L. LeFevre has logically stated all facts but there are some points that cast doubts about its proofs. Authors did not provide solid proofs whether primary care-relevant counseling interventions for a healthful diet and physical activity modify self-reported behaviors. The article does not provide detailed information about the risk factors to adults and adverse effects of counseling on adults of age 18 and older. The USPSTF recommendations about referring adults with obesity for behavioral counseling are not supported by solid proofs. Teaching and Learning, University of Illinois at Springfield. [Online] Available at: http://www.uis.edu/ctl/wp-content/uploads/sites/76/2013/03/Howtocritiqueajournalarticle.pdf. Accessed: 5th April

AIIB Assignment Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

AIIB Assignment - Coursework Example us adviser ok then agreement ok If able to start work, doing the things in the job seeker’s agreement and looking for job then meeting Job Centre Plus career adviser ok If attending a restart course or attending job interviews then looking for job ok. Here below is And/Or to represent the reasoning the system may go through in order to arrive at a decision about the user's entitlement to the benefit Abstract The society plus the industry at large are getting knowledge oriented and they do rely upon the decision made by different experts. Introduction of a knowledge based system presents us with an expert on demand available at any time and in any place and is able to process information within the shortest time possible. (Tuthhill, S and Levy, 1991)The step to introduce such a system greatly promotes consistency and gives the intended usershighnction at a relatively higher level. The knowledge based approach takes into consideration the varied techniques and methodologies for re-use and capture of process and product engineering knowledge. This process is intended to reduce the cost plus time taken during software production, which is in real sense attained through the automation of every repetitive design activity whilst we capture, retain and re-use design knowledge. This paper examines the procedures of selecting a suitable design approach for a prototype of a system that will automate the processes involved in checking and validating the eligibility of the persons entitle to job seekers allowance. It justifies the need for using a knowledge based approach during the software development process, accesses the possible advantages associated with this given design choice and gives suggestion on the extra steps to be taken during the approach to ensure that it remains economically feasible. Introduction Expert systems are the system types intended to solve real life problems that would usually require some specialized human effort like a real estate cons ultant or a doctor. Prior to building an expert system, there is a need that the relevant knowledge be extracted from the given human expert. Such knowledge is based on important rules of thumb rather than the absolute uncertainties. A knowledge engineer has the duty of extracting such type of knowledge then using the same to build a knowledge base. The building of an expert system has lower chances of being successful when performed for the first time for the reason that the expert finds it hard expressing with preciseness what rules and knowledge they use in solving a problem. (Benefits and Risks of Knowledge Based Systems, 2004)The knowledge based design approach never follows the conventional method because of the complexity of the human knowledge. Knowledge elicitation has been never easy and turns to be more challenging in case the exercise entails some uncertainties. This method entails an understanding of expert system design plus the psychology associated with knowledge gat hering. The skills involved include conducting interviews with the experts and assembling the components of a

Effect Of Technology On Architecture Construction Essay

Effect Of Technology On Architecture Construction Essay Technology has played a big role in shaping the current society and its surroundings. It has affected every aspects of human life and one of them is space in the field of architecture and interior design. As technology changes, so does the practice of architecture and interior design. Previously, without the technology, the value of architecture lies in the process of crafting experience in a space. But, nowadays, with the technology, the value has changed into privileging the visual aesthetics of the space or described as visual architecture. Therefore, this essay aims to investigate the current effect of technology in architecture and interior design. As well as to argue that the current visual architecture has decreased the value of architecture. INTRODUCTION Technology opens the door to the future. It is one of the main essences that shape and change the way society behaves, as well as transcends the surrounding to suit the way society lives. Nowadays, the effect of technology has reached almost every level of the society, and one of them is modern building technology. It has great implication in the creation of space in both architecture and interior design. Since the early days, architecture is one of the most important needs of man. It provides space to live and works, an environment for interaction and provoking emotions, as well as a realm where experiences and memories are created. Feelings and emotions are evoked by the form and shape, the arrangement of forms and by relationships that space draws with the surroundings. It affects every part of human senses. As technology developed, the meaning of architecture started to adapt accordingly. Formerly, with conventional building construction technology such as wood-framed, stone-stacking and mud bricks structures, the shape and form of architecture that could be achieved was only a simple and pure form. It led to a trend of homogeneous building, which made architecture looks similar with its surroundings. Because of this limitation, architects and designers became more sensitive and focused on crafting experiences in a space. These experiences then become memories that will be remembered by the visitor and elements that differentiate one building from another. As this continues, because of the limitation on the materials, buildings visual aesthetic is slowly decreasing. Currently, with the creation and development of new building materials and technologies, the inventions of cutting-edge and futuristic looking forms and shapes are possible. New materials and structures are evolved and manufactured everywhere. These advancements have made architects trying to work out and explore the possibility of how these new materials can be used to elaborate and create new structures for buildings. Unintentionally, these advancements has also made them became so attached to visual appearance. Meaning that majority of them concentrate on using technology in order to discover new forms and shapes for architecture in order to reflect the idea for which it was designed. The design of the building that focused on visual aesthetics has led to a trend of creating a form that looks good rather than a space that feels good. With this trend continuing, it seems that the role of visual sense has being privileged when compared to other human senses. The impact of this trend causes the design of the current architecture being reduced and restricted into visual senses. With the absence of other senses, the strength of interaction between our bodies and a space is being diminished. This is because human experience space and environment through all of their senses, not only through the visual. The trend also indicates that the tendency in architecture of image rather than architecture of experience is increasing. The products of architecture of image will only offer visual consumption which wont create lasting impressions that all the architects strive for. It will only become a nice looking postcard of visually striking building. Hence, the essay aims to prove that the current use of technology in architecture is only being used to achieve visual aesthetics and has decreased the value of architecture. The essay will also argue that technology to achieve powerful or aesthetically pleasing form to the sight has to be able to grow hand in hand with other human senses, in order to create valuable experience and memory in a space. Only then, the value of architecture can be pushed to a full potential. Architecture of Experience rather than Visual Instead of experiencing our being in the world, we behold it from outside as spectators of images projected on the surface of the retina. Pallasmaa, J, 2005, p.47 Before we can move forward to the main issue, to question the effect of technology towards current architecture, it is important to look and understand briefly what is the nature and value of architecture since the early days it was created. Throughout the history, despite of a large number of definitions which have been proposed by numerous architects, the answer to the nature and value of architecture has never come to a conclusion. Maybe it is because there are diverse ways to formulate an answer to this. Davies (2008) noted that one of the numerous definitions of architecture that can be found in dictionaries, refer to the meaning of, a method or style of building. It seems that this definition leads to a diminishing understanding that building is just an object of visual aesthetic. Some even make comparison of architecture with other form of arts which is sculpture. For instance, Santiago Calatrava, a world-renowned Santiago Calatrava: Sculpture into Architecture, The Metropolitan Museum of Art Spanish architects that combined sculpture and painting with architecture. He is claimed as a building sculptor and had a world-wide exhibition of his works. James Gardner (2005, The Art Behind the Architect, The NY Sun newspaper) mentioned that there is no clear line whether Calatrava is a sculptor that design buildings or an architect that makes sculptures. And whether his works are sculptures that are in a form of architecture or a combination of both art and architecture. So is architecture is just a method of applying aesthetics consideration to the form of buildings? Or it is just an art of making buildings beautiful? This idea of definition seems to have missed a central core of the nature and value of architecture. Previously, in the prehistoric time where architecture was not even born yet, human lived in a nomadic way. They moved from one place to another. When night came, they stopped and lighted a fire to warm themselves up. By doing so, they started to define a place. And if they intend to stay there longer, they started to define a place to sleep, a place to shelter them from the rain, a place to collect and store food, a place where they could defend themselves from danger, etc. From their chosen site, experience of their surrounding, until the organization of their place, this leads to an evolution from a place to architecture. Based on that, one can say that the nature and value of architecture is in the sense of a place that is created by the organization between buildings with the surrounding and context itself. Thus, architecture relates to the way people live, it changes and evolves based on the environments, experiences and needs. As time goes on, places that people used have became more diverse, sophisticated and complex which made architecture consistently changing as well. Starting from the prehistoric era where human dwells in occasional caves to stone-stacking shelters. Then evolves to temporal tents make by frame-wood structures and into round houses that made of mud bricks. And as human becomes more civilized, the needs of place for different functions emerged too. From a place to worship gods, a place to trade things, a place for entertainment and so much more. These places will keep on expanding to meet the different needs of human. Moreover, tools to build and transport materials, such as wheels or pulleys, have advanced and are still growing in order to make construction process becomes more efficient. So, not only materials have evolved, functions and tools to build each building have advanced as well. From the early civilizations in Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, Roman Empire and the East, the develo pment in architecture to create buildings for different purposes have greatly varied. Egypts Pyramids, Greeks Temples, and Romans Amphitheatres are just few illustrations of various functions that could be found globally. The forms, materials, tools and functions of the architecture evolve because of the resources that are available in the environment. The needs for stronger materials to create shelter and suitable types of materials to craft the atmosphere for different functions have pushed the tool and building technology to an advanced level too. With the application of the advanced materials and technologies, humans are able to generate unique experiences which would enrich the physical and psychological experience in architecture. In the time where modern building technology was not developed yet, there was a limitation in the creation of architectural form. Architects and engineers were only able to create certain kinds of form because of the limitation of the materials and tools at that time. Considering this constraints, the focus of architecture at this time is in the creation of experience, which is the nature and value of architecture since the early days. People lived through experiencing the world with body senses. One sense interacts with other senses to be able to let human integrate with the surrounding and the world. As a result, architecture is the product of this constant interaction between people with their surrounding and the world. Architecture provides spaces where people could do their daily activities, experience the environment, feel comfortable with it and generate impactful memories through these interactions. The interaction that happens can be either simple or complex. It means that t he space within the architecture should be able to interact with at least one or all of the body senses. This is due to, as human we have needs and desires, beliefs and aspirations, as well as aesthetic sensibility that are affected by warmth, touch, odour, sound and visual stimuli. Every interaction that happens will be experienced by the body. And if the experience through the space is strong enough, it will formulate an impactful memory to the users mind. And if this is successful, the lasting impression that every architects strive for will be achieved. That is why architecture should be designed with a thought of multi-sensory experience inside the space. Some examples of ideal architecture that illustrates significant historical buildings with good space design are The Colleseum in Rome, The Louvre in France, and Masjid Al-Haram in Mecca. For the first one which is The Flavian Amphitheatre or widely known as The Colosseum at Rome. The reason that it is one of significant historical buildings with good space design lies within the successful achievement of the monumental and grandeur size, practicality, efficiency for controlling the crowd and the most important is its ability to radiate the crowds and spectators excitement and experience throughout the whole space experience at that time. The hugely impressive vast ellipse form that is filled with tiers of seating was created to strike awe into anyone who saw this great monumental building. It was a symbol of the glorious power and cruelty of Rome and its emperors. Its classical design features, reminiscent of classical Greek architecture is the quintessential symbols of Roman cultur es and was meant to convey that Rome was a great, mighty wealthy, and civilised nation. The Colleseums design was heavily influenced by concrete and vault arches which are two of their greatest inventions. And the construction technique that the Romans used is the standardised parts system so that the components are interchangeable which similar to the current modular system. This standardised system allowed some components of the building such as stairs and seats to be built off-site and then brought to the amphitheatre to be fitted in to their specific location. Along with the standardised parts system, there were also a huge number of entrances and exits being built throughout the amphitheatre. These entrances and exits were imperative to the amphitheatre in order to ensure the crowd to be seated quickly and efficiently. All of the design and system of The Colleseum has been used as the basic for the architects and designers to design and construct the current stadiums globally. The design and form of The Colosseums breath-taking architecture was as a result of the needs of major requirements as a theatre or arena for staging various forms of entertainment to the Romans. As well as, it is a result of the consideration towards the excitement that the designers wanted the spectators to feel. And even today, The Colosseum is still one of the hugely impressive skyscrapers and the memories of how Romans culture, social and life was like before can still be felt through exploring and experiencing the interior of it. Another significant historical architecture with good spatial qualities is The Louvre in France. Currently, it is one of biggest art museums in the world. Built in the 12th century, it was constructed with a cut stone bearing masonry system and previously it was function as some kind of royal or defensive fortress against invasion until the late 18th century where it was first open to the public to display the royals collection such as paintings and sculptures. The reason that The Louvre is considered as significant historical building that has good spatial design lies in the strong sense of the countrys cultural knowledge that the building exhibits and can be identified through its architectural quality. Although The Louvre has a history of the ever-changing function of the architecture, started from a fortress to a palace and eventually becomes one of the worlds largest museums, no matter what it always bear and have its original identity, history and culture of that time it was bu ilt. It is because of the consideration towards the identity, history and culture aspects in mind that the designer had the idea of the form of the architecture and was able to craft the experience inside the space in order to display and showcase those aspects through the test of time. And the third architecture that illustrates significant historical architecture with good spatial design is Masjid Al-Haram which is located at Mecca. It is the largest and considered as the holiest mosque in the world. The current architecture of the mosque is not what it was like since it was first built in the 7th century. There have been major rebuilt, modifications and expansions on its architecture and because of these expansions it has became the largest mosque in the world. The expansion happened in order to accommodate the increasing number of the pilgrims. Since the past, mosque has been considered as a medium for communication; either it is a communication between God and pilgrims or between fellow pilgrims. This idea of the mosque that it is built as a centre for social interaction rather than a building only for ritual or worshipping is being clearly shown and felt in the architecture of Masjid Al-Haram. For examples the presence of the courtyard surrounds the Kaaba or t he grey square house which is designed or placed there with the intention of providing the best meditative and interactive atmosphere for the performance of prayer and community interacting experience to happen inside. And the placement of the minarets or the tall free standing towers is based on the topography of the site in order to create harmonious balance with the Kaaba. These considerations towards the pilgrims experience and the meaning for every placement or form that is created has made Masjid Al-Haram or The Holy Mosque a significant historical building with good spatial design. These 3 architectures above show that designing through paying considerations towards the experience and behaviour of the visitors or occupants would create lasting impression that could stands the test of time. Nevertheless, through this time, because of the limitation on the materials and tools that they could be worked or used, architects and engineers were only able to build certain kinds of forms which made them unsatisfied with the visual aesthetic of the building. With this feeling of unsatisfactory as the main force that drives architects and designers to overcome this issue, which then becomes one of the main factors of the emerging trend of visual architecture or an architecture that the visual aesthetic considerations is being privileged or have dominated the designers thoughts rather than the experiential value. It is until the late 18th century, in the industrial revolution era, when cast iron can be produced in a large numbers and cheaply enough and has opportunities in creating new forms. This is when architects and designers started to become aware of the glorious potential of cast iron used in architecture. One of the first architectural projects that are entirely made from cast iron is The Iron Bridge in Shropshire (Potter, D, 2006). And this marks the dawn of Modern building technology. As technology has advanced towards a new stage, which is the modern building technology, the nature and value of architecture started to shift and adapt as well. The birth of modern technology is as the result of architects using experimental science and engineering theory and tools to inform the form and construction of their buildings. Which previously form and structures of buildings were relied strongly on the knowledge of the craftsman or builder. This development has begun to revolutionize architecture into an entirely new direction. Through this modern building technology, architects and designers are provided with a new range of materials and tools to achieve and satisfy their hunger for more advanced forms. Previously, the architectural form of each location has their own unique characteristics. This is because of their environment would only be able to produce certain kinds of materials. Due to this constraint, architects and designers had lesser choices of resources that w ere available. This led to vernacular architecture of that area which meant that the material and building tool that they used to construct buildings in a location would have a more deeply grounded meaning with the context of the building and in a way was more purely defined with the unique representative form of that certain location. For instance, the Pyramid in Egypt that is made from stone is entirely different from the Temple in China which is made from wood. But since the developed worlds industrialisation trend has expanded globally throughout the world. This has influenced the local architects and designers wanting to follow the international architectural fashions style and has become another factor that contributed in the emerging trend of visual architecture. With modern building technology , transportation of materials from one location to another location has became possible, the ability of mass production has lowered the cost of construction, and computer software has accelerated the time to finish the drawing or design of a building. These developments have made the process of realizing architecture become more efficient and effective in every layer, either it is the time span to complete, the construction, the planning of the project, the creation of the buildings form or even the innovation of new and better materials is continually increasing. The development of materials has played a big role in the creation of advanced architectural form. It is one of the aspects that started the trend of architecture of image. Beginning by looking into the traditional materials that have been used since the prehistoric times, which is wood. This material could be considered as the forefather of all current materials. In the early days, prehistor ic people used these to build tents as their shelters from the sun and rain. By constructing tree trunks or branches together creating the shape of an inverted V-shape, putting some support to hold it firm on the ground and covered with leaves. This creates the simplest foundation of architecture form. As human evolved so did materials for shelter. Moving from wood to stone, as a stronger material, the form of the shelter started to develop into tent-like house by stacking different stones together. As human moves on to the times of early civilizations, the needs, desires, and beliefs have been greatly varied too. This leads to the creation of places of worships, sacrifices, monuments, and governments. Based on this, the form of the architecture started to goes vertically higher and bigger. At this time, pillar, column, beam, arch and dome has started to be built to fulfil the functions of the architecture. Moving on from the prehistoric times into the middle age, at this time, castles are becoming common forms of architecture in every part of Europe. And as it moves through The Renaissance, Baroque, Neoclassicism and Gothic revival, from 15th century to 18th century, architects and designers feel that every architectures in their own location has looked similar because of the limitation of technology and materials provided at that time and that location. Until early 19th century, when modern building technology was discovered. This technology allowed iron to be used in architecture because it has became relatively cheaper while previously it was considered as a very expensive material. Iron is architecturally unique because of being relatively lightweight and malleable as well as strong. Moreover, because of its properties, it can be used for free-form designs. In this period, glass has also been widely used and available. Glass is widely used for its optimal balance between aesthetics, functions and its ability to create effects that could change experience. The reason is because glass has the property that allows light to transmits in and by using it, the architects or designers has the power to controls light which creates an illusion that the building are able to change, move and create certain atmosphere. And for architect light is one of the powerful tools in crafting experience in architecture. One of the architecture that ref lects a building of high technology in this period is the Joseph Paxtons Crystal Palace of the Great Exhibition. Built in 1851 in London, this building was made of modular cast iron and glass which symbolized the industrial, technological and economic superiority of the modern building technology. Progressing to the late 19th century, which reinforced concrete is invented. At this time, concrete is being reinforced with iron or steel in order to increase the strength of tension in concrete to minimize cracking problem. By doing so, this reinforced concrete have special properties which are more durable to thermal expansion, provides strength to optimize building structures and it has the ability to bend allowing it to be made into any shape or size for architectural purpose. Because of these special properties, reinforced concrete is still one of the most popular materials that are being used for construction purposes until now. And in 20th century, plastics became widely known and popular as well. It is because plastics are lightweight, resilient, generally resistant to corrosion and moisture, and can be moulded and formed into complex shapes. And because it is the only man-made material, this allowed it to be developed even more in the future. This development in modern building technology has opened the door for architects and designers to realize all the unrealized ideas that they had in mind. And with this the notion of architecture of image is slowly becoming a trend. With advancement in modern building technology, materials and tools to construct a building have greatly expanded. Back then, buildings are limited with height. Mainly it is because of the limitation of materials and tools that caused architects and designers to think and design horizontally. But with modern building technology, current buildings are able to go higher becoming a skyscraper or go deeper underground, maybe becoming an earth scraper, and not only going vertically, it also allows the buildings to be built diagonally. From geometric to organic form or from masses to pixels, current technology makes everything possible. Moreover, modern building technology is being used for visualizing and selling the ideas that the designers have to the clients too. For example 3 dimensional simulation software that are able to produce photo realistic images of the building even though it has not being constructed yet. Architecture has entered into a realm of visual form which is nothing more or less than the creation of buildings tangible and visible shapes. Beekman Tower, Frank Gehry New York One example of a purely visual architecture is the Beekman Tower in New York by Frank Gehry. It is a curious fusion of public and private zones. The main design feature is the organic form of the buildings facade which is made of aluminium foil. The organic folds evoke the sense of water ripples. And the effects of ripples are being enhanced more on the daytime because of the natural light. This building is surely a successful design and appealing to one of human senses which is the visual. But for the interior, everything inside the space is dully conventional. The consideration towards other senses inside the space in order to experience the space has been neglected. Another one is the Orchard Central in Singapore by DP Architects. The key design element of this shopping mall is on the facade of the mall which is a faceted membrane which will function as massive media wall and is set to be an iconic feature at the junction of Orchard and Killiney roads. The idea of this is to add aural and visual vibrancy to the central stretch of Orchard Road. By doing so, the architectural facade of the building will be able to generate visual connection with the public. But the problem is the elimination of other senses and the dependency towards the vision has made the design of the space unattractive and unable to create a connection with the visitors. In addition to another architecture that illustrates purely visual architecture is The Central Plaza Shopping Mall by Manuelle Gautrand which is located in Bangkok, Thailand. The design of the architecture relies heavily on the faà §ade of the building while the interior is not greatly different from most other shopping mall in the city. The idea of the glowing red lines that simply clad or covered the facade of the building which is the key design element of the architecture is being conceived by the designer as tools that are able to send messages of flow movement and fluidity to the visitors. This perception shows that the design of the building is influenced by technology and only focus on the visual aesthetics to resolve the issue of the space. And by doing so it weakens the architectural value of it and diminished the experiential value inside. Orchard Central, DP Architects Singapore Based on both of the case studies above, it is fairly obvious that the privileged of visual senses over other human senses will create a sense of detachment between the architecture and the visitors. This is merely because humans experience the world and their surroundings through their senses. For instance, the sounds of steps, the light that penetrates through the space, the coldness of the concrete walls, scale and proportion are just few ways of how architecture interacts with the visitors senses. Such interaction is then strengthened and articulated through the complex interaction of human senses and will be perceived by the visitors as an experience. With this two-way interaction between visitors and architecture, it will lead to the creation of meaningful memory towards the space. It is true that vision is the first connection between human and the world. Most of us, when we are walking through a space or street, are affected in one way or another by the looks of the buildings that we pass through, the positions of the objects and the arrangements inside the space. But in architecture, the reliance in the sphere of vision will only made the building existed merely on a surface level which is as an object of visual expression such as a postcard. Architecture should be able to interact with every human sense because it is a representation or expression of human minds. And the only way to communicate with the mind is by experiencing the world and surrounding through the senses. That is when architecture has moved on to another level. So, by using the modern technology, not only to grasped the visual aesthetics that has became a trends nowadays, but also to craft the experience that has been the nature and value of architecture since the early days. This will affe ct the human physically and psychologically and will push the architecture to the full potential. Word Count Word count 4885 (excluding Abstract, Table of Contents, Captions, and Works Cited)

Action Learning Review

The Longwall department is responsible for the majority of coal production at the mine and hence, revenue for the business. The management group in this department consist of five staff members, with the Superintendent as the senior person reporting to the Mine Manager. As Technical Services Manager I am a member of the senior management team for the mine, and a peer to the Mine Manager. However, I have no direct authority over the Longwall department. Although it is suited to the approach, the Longwall department does not tend to operate effectively as a team.Whilst there is a clear annual performance target set by senior management, there will often be confusion amongst the group when they attend the mine’s planning meetings as to what the specific short term priorities for the department should be and the best way to achieve them. This confusion invariably leads to conflict in these meetings between group members, with individuals attempting to ensure that their specific ar ea of responsibility is not affected by the other’s individual priorities.There has been a high turnover of staff in the past year and the overall performance of the Longwall has been poor, with production results 40% below budget impacting significantly on the profitability of the business. Analysis The Longwall mining process is complex and to be successful requires reciprocal interdependence of tasks (Thompson, 1967). The engineers must work closely with the operations staff in the department through the planning and implementation stages to ensure safe and productive operations with minimal unplanned delays.This requirement of interdependence makes the Longwall process ideally suited to a team approach for management. Although it is a small group comprised of five staff with complementary skills, and a common production target for the year, the Longwall department does not currently satisfy the requirements of Katzenbach and Smith’s (1993) definition of a team. The y fail to define short term goals and work processes which would lead to achievement of the annual production target and, in addition, the group does not hold themselves mutually accountable for their performance.The lack of team approach towards these highly interdependent tasks leads to competing short term priorities within the group and results in poor overall performance. One of the key reasons that the Longwall department has failed to come together as a team is a lack of group cohesiveness (Shaw, 1981). The members of the group are heterogeneous (Managing People & Organisations, 2006), with different expertise and experience and as a result there is often competition and conflict (Raelin, 1985) with regards to the best approach to various tasks.This is potentially linked to the lack of specific short term goal setting completed within the group as they seek to avoid conflict because they lack the interpersonal skill of conflict resolution (Managing People & Organisations, 200 6). However, this conflict inevitably occurs when the group attends the mine’s planning meetings, as the individuals promote different priorities and ideas. If the group was more cohesive and co-operative, individuals would not feel threatened by other members and the heterogeneity of the group could be harnessed in a positive way through creative and flexible solutions to problems.For example one of the mining staff may have a different solution to an engineering problem which was not considered by the engineers. The lack of cohesiveness has led to a high turnover of staff over the past year. This means that Tuckman and Jensen’s (1977) life cycle of the group has had to return to the forming stage of the on a number of occasions and this in turn has hindered the development of group norms (norming stage) which would enhance co-operation within the group and is essential to achieve the required performance.This lack of progress through the group life cycle is also link ed to the level of competition between heterogeneous group members as they battle for power and influence in the group. The required short term goal setting and work approaches would be more easily achieved by a cohesive group. If the group was able to achieve the latter stages of the life cycle it is likely that group cohesiveness would be high and there would be significantly less staff turnover.The management processes at the mine currently manage individuals rather than teams (Hackman, 1990). This is linked to the Longwall department’s reluctance to embrace mutual accountability for performance and also the reluctance of the Superintendent to effectively lead the group as a team, as discussed below. Remuneration and bonuses are reviewed on the basis of individual performance, with little accountability for performance as part of a team. This leads individuals to â€Å"protect† themselves by making excuses and blaming others for poor performance.It also encourages i ndividuals to focus on the specific tasks and priorities that are linked to their individual performance rather than those best suited to the overall department’s performance, resulting in conflict and a lack of co-operation in the planning and implementation of tasks. On the basis of Thompson’s (2000) model, the Longwall department achieves two out of three essential conditions to be an effective team. The group has the requisite knowledge, skills and ability to complete the required tasks and their motivation to do so is evidenced by the long hours that each individual spends at work focussing on those tasks.However, as mentioned earlier, the group lacks co-ordination strategies such as short term goal setting and work method development which prevents them from developing into a real team. In addition, Thompson’s team effectiveness model also requires an appropriate environment in which the team can operate. As discussed earlier, the design of the team is app ropriate however the requisite organisational context and team culture are currently absent.As can be seen from the earlier analysis, the management of the Longwall mining process is well suited to a team approach, provided that the personnel are managed effectively as a team rather than as individuals in a group. On the basis of Katzenbach and Smith’s team performance curve (1992) the Longwall department is currently at the potential team stage. The individuals in the department have a clear annual production target and are all working hard to achieve it, however, they lack specific short term goals, a common working approach and an attitude of mutual accountability.To achieve the desired performance and meet the annual production targets, the team will need to move from the potential team stage to the real team stage. Improvement Planning From my analysis of the Longwall department I have identified three specific improvement opportunities that I would pursue if I was the M ine Manager to move the team from the potential team stage to the real team stage. Firstly I would look to improve the group’s specific competencies essential for effective teamwork through formal training and improve group cohesiveness through team building activities.Secondly I would implement a process to facilitate the setting of short term goals and work methods to achieve them. Finally I would modify the performance management system and remuneration packages for the individuals in the department to reflect a team based approach rather than individual management. However, prior to beginning the improvement processes I would begin calling the department the Longwall team so that they begin to identify themselves as a team rather than a workgroup or department.To improve the group’s task-related and interpersonal competencies, which are important for effective teamwork, I would organise for the group to go off site together for one week of formal training and team building exercises (Managing People & Organisations, 2006). This training may need to be ongoing. It is important that the group attends this training together so that they can begin to build mutual trust and respect and develop social capital (Lengnick-Hall and Lengnick-Hall, 2004).It is also essential that the training is held off site to ensure there are no distractions. One possible obstacle to carrying out this training is that taking the whole group offsite at the same time leaves the workforce with a lack of supervision or direction. To overcome this I would arrange the Superintendent of another area of the mine who has significant Longwall experience to cover the absence of Longwall Superintendent. I would also arrange for the mechanical and electrical engineers from the engineering department to provide coverage from an engineering perspective.The success of this training can be measured through an assessment process conducted by the training organisation at the end of the training program to examine the understanding and application of the concepts by the individuals in the group. A questionnaire completed by each member of the group would also be implemented to determine their perception of the applicability and success of the training. To facilitate the group’s setting of short term goals and work methods to achieve them, I would send them off site again for two days with an external facilitator.This forum would also include team building activities to break up the workshop and continue to promote team bonding. They would utilise the task-related competencies gained in the formal training process to develop and document short term goals based on achieving the annual production targets set by senior management. They would also be required to assess the potential obstacles and risks to achieving their short term goals and develop and document contingency plans to overcome those obstacles. It is essential that the team develops the goals togeth er so that they have ownership and commitment to achieving them.They need to ensure that the goals and work methods focus on performance not just togetherness (Katzenbach and Smith, 1992). Again, a potential obstacle to this process is taking the group offsite together leaving the workforce with a lack of supervision and direction. This would be addressed in the same manner as previously for the formal training. A second potential obstacle/risk to this process is the quality of the external facilitator. If this person does not have the appropriate skills to keep the workshop on track and the understanding of the desired outcomes, it is likely that the workshop will not be successful.To overcome this obstacle I would interview potential facilitators and seek references from others who have used them in the past. Once selected, I would ensure that the facilitator is very clear about the purpose of the workshop and the required documented outcomes. To measure the success of this worksh op I would review the documented short term goals to ensure that they will allow the team to meet the annual production target and I would also assess the adequacy and relevance of the contingency plans to overcome the identified obstacles and risks.A second measure will be whether or not the group achieves its self developed short term goals over the following weeks. To modify the performance management review system I would change it from an individual performance review by the Superintendent to a 360 degree review process. This review would be based on individual contribution to the team performance as viewed by other members of the team and will provide valuable feedback for individuals.I would also change the remuneration system for the individuals in the team to incorporate a bonus related to Longwall performance as a team measured on the basis of coal produced against targets (Gross 1995). This would encourage the team culture to develop with individuals supporting each other and keeping each other on track rather than pursuing individual priorities. One obstacle to this could be the feeling that some things which could impact Longwall production are out of the management team’s control, such as geological conditions.To overcome this I would document the potential influences on performance which are not controllable by the team and undertake to discount the production targets by a proportional amount to any performance impacts suffered to ensure that the bonus arrangement is not compromised. The measure of the success of this improvement strategy will be the achievement of production targets over the short and long term. References Gross, S. E. 1995, Compensation for teams: how to design and implement team-based reward programs, American Management Association, New York.Hackman, J. R. 1990, Groups that work (and those that don’t), Jossey-Bass, San Francisco. Katzenbach, J. & Smith, D. K. 1993, The wisdom of teams: creating the high perform ance organization, McGraw-Hill, London. Katzenbach, J. & Smith, D. 1992, ‘Why teams matter’, extract from The wisdom of teams: creating the high performance organization, in The McKinsey Quarterly, no. 3 of 1992, pp. 3-27. Lengnick-Hall, M. L. & Lengnick-Hall, C. A. 2004, ‘HR’s role in building relationship networks’, Academy of Management Review, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 53-63.Managing People and Organisations, 2006, Unit 5, pp. 1-56, AGSM MBA (Executive) Program. Raelin, J. 1985, The clash of cultures, Harvard Business School Press, Boston. Shaw, M. E. 1981, Group dynamics: the social psychology of small group behaviour, McGraw-Hill, New York Thompson, J. D. 1967, Organizations in action, McGraw-Hill, New York. Thompson, L. 2000, Making the team: a guide for managers, Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River. Tuckman, B. & Jensen, M. 1977, ‘Stages of small group development’ Group and organisational studies, vol. 2.